1987 Nobel Prize in Physics

1987 Nobel Prize in Physics The 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics went to German physicist J. Georg Bednorz and Swiss physicist K. Alexander Muller for discovery that certain classes of ceramics could be designed that had effectively no electrical resistance, meaning that there were ceramic materials that could be used as superconductors. The key aspect of these ceramics is that they represented the first class of high-temperature superconductors and their discovery had groundbreaking effects on the types of materials that could be used within sophisticated electronic devices Or, in the words of the official Nobel Prize announcement, the two researchers received the award for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials. The Science These physicists were not the first to discover superconductivity, which had been identified in 1911 by Kamerlingh Onnes while researching mercury. Essentially, as mercury was reduced in temperature, there was a point at which it seemed to lose all electrical resistance, meaning that electrical current count flow through it unimpeded, creating a supercurrent. This is what it means to be a superconductor. However, the mercury only exhibited the superconducting properties at very low degrees near absolute zero, around 4 degrees Kelvin. Later research in the 1970s did identify materials that exhibited superconducting properties at around 13 degrees Kelvin. Bednorz and Muller were working together to research the conductive properties of ceramics at an IBM research laboratory near Zurich, Switzerland, in 1986, when they discovered the superconducting properties in these ceramics at temperatures of approximately 35 degrees Kelvin. The material used by Bednorz and Muller was a compound of lanthanum and copper oxide that was doped with barium. These high-temperature superconductors were confirmed very quickly by other researchers, and they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics the following year. All of the high-temperature superconductors are known as a Type II superconductor, and one of the effects of this is that when they have a strong magnetic field applied, they will exhibit only a partial  Meissner effect  that breaks down in a high magnetic field, because at a certain intensity of magnetic field the superconductivity of the material is destroyed by electrical vortices that form within the material. J. Georg Bednorz Johannes Georg Bednorz was born on May 16, 1950, in Neuenkirchen, in North-Rhine Westphalia in the Federal Republic of Germany (known to those of us in America as West Germany). His family had been displaced and split up during World War II, but they had reunited in 1949 and he was a late addition to the family. He attended the University of Munster in 1968, initially studying chemistry and then transitioning into the field of mineralogy, specifically crystallography, finding the mix of chemistry and physics more to his liking. He worked at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory during the summer of 1972, which is when he first began working with Dr. Muller, head of the physics department. He began work on his Ph.D. in 1977 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich, with supervisors Prof. Heini Granicher and Alex Muller. He officially joined the staff of IBM in 1982, a decade after he spent the summer working there as a student. He began working on the search for a high-temperature superconductor with Dr. Muller in 1983, and they successfully identified their goal in 1986. K. Alexander Muller Karl Alexander Muller was born April 20, 1927, in Basel, Switzerland. He spent World War II in Schiers, Switzerland, attending the Evangelical College, completing his baccalaureate degree in seven years, starting at age 11 when his mother died. He followed this up with military training in the Swiss army and then transitioned to Zurichs Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Among his professors was renowned physicist Wolfgang Pauli. He graduated in 1958, working then at the Battelle Memorial Institute in Geneva, then a Lecturer at the University of Zurich, and then finally landing a job at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in 1963. He conducted a range of research there, including serving as a mentor to Dr. Bednorz and collaborating together on the research to discover high-temperature superconductors, which resulted in the awarding of this Nobel Prize in Physics.

The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman

The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman Introduction ‘The yellow wallpaper’ by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Gwynn is an intriguing story of a sick woman, Charlotte Perkins, confined in a room for treatment by her husband, a physician.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charlotte is suffering from neurasthenia. Cared by his overprotective physician husband, but instead treats the care and concern as unfair for confinement and a twenty-four hours bed rest prescription. Charlotte sickness makes her realize that nobody can listen to her ideas; she resorts to write secretly in her daily journals as a way of expressing her compliments to somebody. On few occasions is she allowed visiting other people, in fact those she visits are her husband’s suggestion, who are normally usual close family relatives, those she suggests her husband turns them down. There is a clear misundersta nding on care, love and concern between the patient and the physician. The Yellow Wallpaper Persuasion Essay The fact that the patient is the physician’s wife ought to portray a picture of mutual agreements and understandings rather than subjecting ones decision to the other with a reason for care and protection. A small inclination to the husband’s decisions is better, but a usual put off to charlotte’s ideas causes misunderstanding. However, she pursues on the wallpaper finding to get a clear clue of what is affecting them all, especially her husband the sister in law. With the nervous breakdown all the ideas and suggestions that charlotte comes up with, with a view of positive response are against his husband’s final decision â€Å"†¦. there is something strange about the house I can feel it. I even said so to John one †¦.but he said what I felt was a draught, and †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilman, 2001, p.2). The husband is thinking out of prejudice, which is the real cause of misunderstandings in the context. Although the misunderstandings brought about by the idea that she might be suffering from brain disorders it does not really mean that she is wrong all the time. She gives a comment that even the reader succumbs to when she says, â€Å"Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good† (Gilman, 2001, p.1). With such a sickness one can show care by undertaking congenial work with the patient but the husbands sees it as very wrong. The physician portrayed with a domineering character has shown negligence to her wife psychological support. This is from the misinformation of how sick Charlotte is. She believes that she is not very sick. Yet, her husband knows she is in a critical condition that does not allow her to think or give compliments â€Å"†¦ but John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I conf ess it always makes me feel bad† (Gilman, 2001, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The misunderstanding is portrayed again when Charlotte is awake all night long. Her husband does not talk to her in most of the times, he thinks she will be stressed and worsen her situation. On the other hand, Charlotte has always longed for days when they will have some nice talks and discussions with her husband. When she tries to bring up a topic to shift houses she is put off with an excuse that it was not time for such a discussion. She goes back to bed but does not sleep, rather just stares at the moonlight (Gilman, 2001, p.8). Symbolism Gilman has given well-elaborated insights on the meaning of the Yellow Wall Paper. â€Å"She has done this in a slow yet steady pace to release the metaphors that are a clue to the Yellow Wall Paper as a symbol of her husband’ s authority and dominance† (Gwynn Zani, 2007, p.71). It just begins with the main character’s fascination of the ugliness of the Yellow Wall Paper. The use of imagery has been well tuned to bring out the aspect that is feminism. While one might argue that too much use of this has made the story complex and hard to understand, it has helped bring home the intended agenda. â€Å"One of the images found in the paper tends to change with different lighting† (Gwynn Zani, 2007, p.71). This is meant to depict her husband as inconsistent in handling matters especially those that directly affect her. Conclusion The plot and characters in the story confirm that the misunderstanding is caused by misinformation of the patient’s real status and fear of his attention to involve her in anything other than the treatment. No wonder Charlotte goes after her pursuit secretly, to get the creeping woman, if she attempted to reveal to anyone then she could not realize it. She even keeps her daily journal secretly for the same reason. The use of the first person narration has worked well in bringing home the main theme as it evokes the reader’s emotions to empathize the thesis; the husband’s love misunderstood for confinement in the room and care misunderstood for deterrence from involvement in other activities and thoughts that may worsen the condition. References Gilman, C. (2001). The Yellow Wall-paper. Ragged edge Online. Retrieved from raggededgemagazine.com/0701/0701lostclass1.htm Gwynn, R.S., Zani, S.J. (2007). Inside literature: Reading, responding, arguing. New York: Pearson Longman.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

A description of mythological creatures found in the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis and their origin

A description of mythological creatures found in the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis and their origin DwarfA dwarf (modern plural dwarfs, older variant is dwarves) is a short humanoid creature in Norse mythology as well as fairy tales, fantasy fiction and role-playing games. Dwarves are much like humans, but generally living underground or in mountainous areas. Here they have heaped up countless treasures of gold, silver, and precious stones, and pass their time in fabricating costly armour. They are famed miners and smiths although, like humans, they specialize in any number of trades. Generally shorter than humans, they are on average stockier and hairier, usually sporting full beards. Dwarfish smiths created some of the greatest and most powerful items of power in Norse mythology, such as the magic ribbon which bound the wolf, Fenris.SatyrsIn Greek mythology, satyrs are mythological half-man and half-goat nature entities that roamed the woods and mountains, and were the companions of Pan and Dionysus.Satyrs are most commonly described as having the upper half of a man and the lowe r half of a goat or, less commonly, the lower half of a horse.Brygos PainterThey are also described as possessing a long thick tail, either that of a goat or a horse. Mature satyrs are often depicted with goat's horns, while juveniles are often shown with bony nubs on their foreheads.They are described as roguish but faint-hearted folk subversive and dangerous, yet shy and cowardly. They are lovers of wine, women and boys, and are ready for every physical pleasure. They roam to the music of pipes, cymbals, castanets, and bagpipes, and love to dance with the nymphs (with whom they are obsessed, and whom they often pursue), and have a special form of dance called 'sikinnis'. Because of their love of wine, they are often represented holding wine-cups, and appear often in the decorations on wine-cups.

Word Choice Cite vs. Site

Word Choice Cite vs. Site Word Choice: Cite vs. Site It can be difficult to pick the right words all the time, especially since terms like cite and site sound very similar. However, using correct terminology can gain you valuable marks on your papers, so it is worth learning about easily confused words. Cite (Quote or Reference) The term cite is very important in academic circles, as it means reference: Citing sources clearly is a fundamental part of academic writing. When you quote another authors work, or even paraphrase their ideas, you will need to cite the work you are referring to. Less formally, cite can simply mean to mention in support of something. For instance: Hamish argued that the Scottish are clearly smarter than the English, citing several examples of prominent Scottish inventors. Site (A Place or Position) The term site is mostly used to refer to locations, meaning place or position. As such, you may talk about the site of a house or hospital. You can also use it as a verb, such as if you are discussing where to site a building. Of course, these days site can also be short for website. This is similar to the original meaning of site given above, but refers to the location of a page on the internet, rather than a physical location. Cite or Site? Since cite and site have such different meanings, the main trick is remembering how each one is spelled: Cite (with a c) = Quote or reference something Site (with an s) = The location or position of something Proofreading It can be difficult to spot mistakes like those above, especially when you have been working on a piece of writing for a long time. So why not send it to the professionals at Proofed? We will check your paper for errors and send back a copy showing the changes made, along with helpful comments to help you improve your work.

Summary of the Key Points in Buddhism and Christiniaty Assignment

Summary of the Key Points in Buddhism and Christiniaty - Assignment Example On the other hand, Christianity better understands the ‘Sunyata’, a Buddhism principle. The point of clarity achieved is crucial in resisting Nihilism and scientism forms of religion2. Abe arrives at a point of clarity where the core of religion does not fall in doctrine but in contact with reality. The writer demystifies emptiness and nothingness as understood in traditional Christianity and western culture. According to Abe, Suchness becomes possible only in the realm of emptiness. Nothingness becomes a thing by itself3. Marjorie continues to expound the relationship between Buddhism and Christianity in the fourth chapter of the book. In his understanding, Marjorie expounds Abe’s view of God as everlasting self-emptying phenomena4. Just like Heinrich, in the third chapter, Marjorie demystifies the western approach that takes God as an ultimate self and thus contradicting Sunyata principle. To get our own profound understanding, the writer also emphasizes that th ere is a great need to study other religions5. The writer comes to a point of agreement with Abe on the principle of otherness. The writer affirms Abe’s work on Trinity and Sunyata. Sunyata can only achieve its emptying by embracing true otherness. Marjorie closes his argument by citing that dialogue should not aim at converting. It creates room for enrichment and a fuller understanding of the others, and consequently us. ... This corresponds to Abe's Sunyata of God emptying himself, an expression of divine love. Hans hopes that the discussion between Buddhism and Christianity converges at a point where people of both opinions exercise self-denial and self-surrender for the sake of those who stumble along the way7. The writer feels dissatisfied with Abe's exposition of Sunyata and Kenosis. He feels some questions do not have satisfactory answers and refers to Nishitani. According to Hans, Nishitani's view conflicts the Kenosis by upholding the essence of personal and impersonal. Nishitani brings to life the high esteem held by western thinkers about persona. Kenosis, to Nishitani, is a matter of behavior and attitudes in contrast to conceptualization. Abe's concept of love is vague according to Hans's comparison with Nishitani's work. Nishitani clearly emphasizes on non-differentiating love as being the true nature of God rather than the process of self-emptying advocated by Abe's Kenosis. Hans also revis its the work of Karl Rahner who advocates the issue of God experience. Several conclusions suffice; Rahner's experiential basis of theology is the datum, basic existence of human life has two tensions. One tension relates to experience and communication while the other relates to theory and action. Human beings end up talking about things that can never form an object of knowledge. The attempt to harmonize beliefs of people from different backgrounds calls for mutual understanding, which calls for the sacrificing of single identity8. Christopher Ives explores Sunyata and the Realm of Ethics in the sixth chapter of the book. He affirms that Abes exposition on the forces challenging current day religion to be both insightful and valuable in redeeming the threatened Christian

Summary of Steve Jobs Book chapter from 1 to 30 Essay

Summary of Steve Jobs Book chapter from 1 to 30 - Essay Example Reading the book of Issacson, we get to know that Steve Jobs had the ability to predict the future prospect of the world of information technology, which was the main reason behind his success. Let us now get an overview of the biography of Steve Jobs from the book of Walter Issacson in order to get a good understanding of his life, personality, and leadership style. Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955. However, his original parents had to put him for adoption as his parents were not married at that time and his mother’s parents were not ready to accept that relationship between his parents. Therefore, Paul and Clara Jobs, who belonged to a lower middle class family, adopted him. Jobs never considered them as adoptive parents. He always talked about them as his original parents. The initial living environment was very influencing for him as he grew up among engineers who used to work with electric equipments at their garages. Due to this environment, Jobs developed his interest in the field of electronics (Issacson). Issacson mentioned in his book that Jobs was a brilliant student at school. It is obvious if one looks at the class performances and results of Jobs. In 1962, Jobs graduated from high school and took admission in the Reed College. Jobs wanted to excel in his educational career but his family’s poor financial status did not let his do so. Jobs even had to discontinue his college education because of this reason (Issacson). Jobs started his professional career in 1974 as a technician for Atari, Inc. In 1976, Steve Jobs and his friend, Steve Wozniak, opened the Apple Computer Company to start their own business. Both of them had a good knowledge of technology. Using that knowledge, they invented the first ever Apple computer with the financial assistance of engineer Mike Markkula and planned to put it up for sale. He worked for his company

Foundation of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Foundation of Criminal Law - Essay Example It is interesting to note that in this case, the Fraud Act of 2006 was not the statute used. The prosecutors used the Theft Act of 1968 instead. The crime in this case arose from dishonestly appropriating â€Å"property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it.†1 Lord Hanningfield tried to defend himself on the grounds that the appropriation or his claims of expenditures were within the law, clearly trying to dispute the â€Å"dishonestly† element of theft as a crime. In Section 2 (1)(a), it was stated that a person’s appropriation is not regarded as dishonest â€Å"if he appropriates the property in the belief that he has in law the right to deprive the other of it, on behalf of himself or of a third person.†2 The defense also fall within Section 2 (1)(c), wherein there was consent to appropriate the property as the peer spends the money thinking that county would have consented him to appropriate it in the way that he has done, especially that many of his peers also do the same. However, the conditions or elements required by the law were deemed sufficient for the offense and this is not surprising. Lord Hanningfield dishonestly appropriated the â€Å"property†, which is, in this case, the money belonging to the Essex County Council, which he represents. There was dishonesty involved according to the standards set by the law because there was a clear and willful misappropriation for personal gain. The averaging out of expenditure was a weak argument in light of several evidences that showed false accounting. The dishonest appropriation occurred when he knowingly and repeatedly deprived his county of its property, which according to Section 4, property includes money. Article 2: Overvaluation Fraud Mary-Jane Rathie, a senior surveyor was accused of five cases of fraud for allegedly overvaluing properties for a certain Joanne Pier, who, for her part, used the dishonestly inflated valuati ons to secure mortgages from the Bank of Scotland. Five properties were involved, with most of them allegedly valued twice as much as their actual worth. The prosecution cited that out of the ?10 million of loans that Ms. Pier was able to secure, ?9.5 million relied on Rathie’s valuations. The claim was that Mrs. Rathie overvalued Pier’s properties in exchange for gifts such as cars and money. The prosecutors cited the cars Bentley-Continental and Range Rover as well as a total of ?900,000 in cheques and money transfers as evidences for the fraud. The report did not cite the specific type of fraud that Rathie was accused of. It is clear, however, that the case being heard was that of fraud by representation as stated in Section 2 of the Fraud Act of 2006. In Section 2 of the statute, the main element of fraud by false representation is dishonesty committed by false representation in order to gain something for oneself. The perpetrator provides false representation by p roviding untrue or misleading information in order to make a gain. The testimonies of independent surveyor in regard to the severely inflated amount of properties valued were central to the prosecution’s case for dishonesty. This is further supported by the string of gifts made to Mrs. Rathie within the period by which the valuations and Ms. Pier’s loan were made. Based on the summary of the case, as reported in the article, the elements of fraud under the false representat

Research Question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Question - Coursework Example Lastly, the study of supply chain management is important at the society level. In this respect, a well-managed supply chain within the society creates employment and improves the standard of living. The functions of purchasing and logistics tend to contribute positively to the supply chain performance in a number of ways. The purchasing and logistics influence the efficiency of the supply chain by increasing the competitiveness of the organizations (Yang, 2012). Notably, the functions of the logistics and purchasing facilitate supply chain to achieve customer satisfaction, timely processing clients’ orders, and efficient delivery the ordered good and services (Schroeder, 2010). In this respect, timely purchase and delivery of goods and services ensures that companies attract and retain new and existing clients. In essence, purchasing and logistics optimize supply chain. In turn, the effective and well-organized supply chain maximizes operational performance, as well as, profit margins. Moreover, functions of purchasing and logistics augment supply chain to realize sustainable competitive

How Demographics Affect Schools And Educational Processes Essay

How Demographics Affect Schools And Educational Processes - Essay Example The NCLB Act requires all states to demonstrate their annual progress in increasing the percentage of pupils â€Å"proficient in reading and math and in narrowing the test-score gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students†. The law is also responsible for encouraging states to improve upon the standards of student testing, overhauling their systems of accountability and ascertaining the qualifications of their teachers in their relevant subject areas. Ever since the NCLB law has been passed, many non-profit organizations have been making significant contributions towards the objective of closing the achievement gap. Some such organizations include the and Related Education Programming, the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education and the Teachers21 organization. The Teachers21 Organization is only one of the many significant organizations working for the systemic reformation of the education system of America. In a document proposing steps that can be taken for the reduction of â€Å"educational inequities†, the organization recognizes that the NCLB Act â€Å"has more keenly focused state and district attention to these achievement gaps and the needs of traditionally low-performing students. This document also outlines various studies pertaining to the subject of the reasons behind the achievement gap, professing that a number of scholars opine that in order for this issue to be addressed in its entirety, the social and economic reasons that contribute to achievement gaps need to be resolved. The organization supports the view of Rothstein (2004) and a significant number of others that the elimination of gaps in academic achievement and the fulfillment of the goal of educational equity require a total and determined commitment to mak e sincere efforts that address

The Michelin Man Essay Example for Free

The Michelin Man Essay The Michelin Man goes to show that Michelin tires are either longer lasting than other brands or it can mean that you as a consumer get to grow old literally because all this time, you were able to avoid accidents using the said brand of tires. The Michelin man can also mean that given the demographics of America’s population, wherein the dominant age bracket belongs to the ages between 18 years old and over, constituting 227,719,000 as of 2007. Looking at Michelin USA’s present website, Â  one can get an exact answer with regards to the evolution of the Michelin Man, the website states that the Michelin Man was evolving given the period and current tire innovations so as to always remain in phase with his time. The slogan on the other hand, is pretty much timeless, so there seems to be no need, in the part of the company, to change it. The 2009 BMW M3 has been issued a recall last November 14, 2008 specifically the ones with an optional double clutch transmission. The problem occurs when the vehicle enters a situation of rapid vehicle deceleration; the transmission software has a chance of performing a multistage downshift, causing the engine to stall and increases the risk of a crash. The proposed solution will be the reprogramming of the engine and transmission electronic control unit with updates on the software, free of charge. I am not aware of this recall, due to the fact that it was not pretty much made as public as other problems, but if given the resources, and the fix can be done in a short amount of time, I will still get myself a 2009 M3 because I myself know for a fact that BMW is fast in fixing vehicles that suffer recalls, plus the BMW brand seldom suffers long lasting problems due to their dedication in giving the best to their customers. Bibliography Michelin USA. The Michelin Man: the living tire. Michelin. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.michelin.com/corporate/front/templates/affich.jsp?codeRubrique=99lang=EN United States Census. Resident population by age and sex: 1980 to 2007. Census. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/09s0007.pdf Motor Trend. 2009 BMW M3 recalls. Motor Trend. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.motortrend.com/cars/2009/bmw/m3/recalls/index.html

The Term Comparative Advertising Marketing Essay

The Term Comparative Advertising Marketing Essay In the liberalized Indian economy, as entry into production and services is no more a barrier, the thrust of competition has shifted to aggressive and vigorous promotion of products and services. These practices raise questions about truthfulness and fairness of representation of products and services. In a competitive environment, every representation of a product or service, is about what others are not. In this sense, a study of evolution of law on comparative representation can give us insights in the working of law and business in the liberalized-globalised economy. The question is not be whether a consumer has adequate remedies and protection against such unfair trade practices of a corporation but whether the warring corporations have adequate law against unfair trade practices, and a justice delivery system to have some rules of the game for competing among themselves  [1]  . The term comparative advertising refers to any form of advertising in which a trademark owner attempts to enjoy pecuniary benefits from a comparison between his product, service, or brand and that of a competitor. Comparative claims may vary in nature. They may explicitly name a competitor or implicitly refer to him. They may either emphasize the similarities or the differences between the products. They may also state that the advertised product is better than or as good as the competitors  [2]  . In simple words; comparative advertising is a form of advertising in which two or more brands of same generic products are compared in terms of one or more products or attributes. These advertisements are designed to highlight the advantages of the goods and services offered by the advertiser as compared to those of a competitor. Although, comparative advertisement has not been defined in the Indian statute, the UK Regulations define it as an advertisement which explicitly or by implic ation, identifies a competitor or goods or services offered by a competitor   [3]  . Comparative Advertising is also used in political campaigns, where it generates more counterarguments and fewer source derogations than negative political advertising does. This result may be due to the different styles of information processing that the two types of messages encourage. However, consumers exposed to negative political messages find them less useful for decision making and have more negative attitudes towards political campaigns than do consumers exposed to political advertising.  [4]   A survey of advertisements conducted in US reveals that there are three categories into which all advertisements fall  [5]  : 1. Non comparative advertisements that do not refer to a competing product either directly or indirectly. 2. Indirectly comparative advertisements that refers to a competing product in an indirect manner. 3.Directly comparative advertisements in which a competing product is specifically named or recognizably presented. Advertising falling into the last two categories could be referred to as comparative advertising. while in some countries one or both kinds of comparative advertisements are allowed, some countries do not allow either of the two kinds. Accordingly, the well known tag line in the UK(which allows both forms of comparative advertising with certain restrictions) in the advertisements for Carlsberg lager-Probably the best lager in the world, cannot be used in Germany(which does not allow comparative advertisement at all), as it would lead to an implication that all other lager are inferior to Carlsberg, thereby falling into the category of indirectly comparative advertisements.  [6]   Comparative advertising generally possesses two components, puffery and denigration. Puffery is where the advertiser seeks to draw the consumers attention by making superlative claims about his product that are assertions of opinion, rather than verifiable statements of fact. Often puffery crosses the limits of tolerance and seeks to portray the competing product in a negative light. The same is then said to amount to denigration, which the courts have strictly prohibited. Thus, the material question that often arises is to what extent comparative advertising may be restricted. The answer lies in developing a clear understanding of the conflicting interests of the various stakeholders involved, including the advertiser, the competitor and the consumer. The advertisers objective herein is to present his products in a manner such that the consumer is most likely to purchase it. On the other hand the competitor would always try to prevent any advertising that aims at denigrating his pro duct or makes false claims, or uses his product as a standard which the advertiser claims to exceed. The hapless consumer finds himself in the midst of a cacophony of claims, and has the right to be accurately informed about the quality or utility of the products available in the market.  [7]   STATUTORY PROVISION IN INDIA- The onus of regulating advertising in India has been assumed by a wide array of governmental authorities and tribunals, but presently there exists no dedicated statutory mechanism to regulate the dissemination of untruthful or disparaging material through such medium  [8]  . Primarily, matters related to untrue and misleading advertising were adjudicated upon by the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Commission, constituted under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act). The Act defined an unfair trade practice under section 36A to include any false representation of goods with regard to their quality, quantity or utility. The provision also incorporated the clause that a warranty or guarantee of performance or durability of the product, if not adequately substantiated, would amount to an unfair trade practice  [9]  . Further, to advertise a false or misleading fact disparaging the goods, services or trade of another person too was br ought within the ambit of the same  [10]  . However, the MRTP Act was subsequently repealed by virtue of section 66 of the Competition Act, 2002. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, with reference to intensifying competition in the post-liberalised India, was describing a case before it as another legal battle between two multinational corporate giants making this Commission as a battlefield for the purpose  [11]  . The Trade Marks Act provides that a registered trademark is infringed by any advertising of that trade mark if such advertising takes unfair advantage and is contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters, is detrimental to its distinctive character, or is against the reputation of the trade mark  [12]  . Section 30(1) of the same act provides an exception to the above rule stating that such advertisement would not amount to infringement if the use of such mark falls within purview of honest practices. This implies that honest practices are mandatory for comparative advertising without which it would amount to trademark infringement In the absence of an established statutory mechanism dedicated to the regulation of advertising, the industry itself has sought to develop a model for voluntary self-regulation in the form of the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)  [13]  . The same is a non-statutory tribunal comprising an association of advertisers established in 1985. The ASCI position on the form and manner of comparative advertising has been laid out in Chapter IV of the bodys Code for Self Regulation in Advertising  [14]  . It is stated herein that advertisements containing comparisons with competing manufacturers and sellers are permissible in the interests of vigorous competition and free dissemination of information, subject to the following requirements being satisfied: a) It is clear what aspects of the advertisers product are being compared with what aspects of the competitors product. (b) The subject matter of comparison is not chosen in such a way as to confer an artificial advantage upon the advertiser or so as to suggest that a better bargain is offered than is truly the case. (c) The comparisons are factual, accurate and capable of substantiation. (d) There is no likelihood of the consumer being misled as a result of the comparison, whether about the product advertised or that with which it is compared. (e) The advertisement does not unfairly denigrate, attack or discredit other products, advertisers or advertisements, directly or by implication.  [15]   COMPARATIVE ADVERTISEMENT AND TRADEMARK INFRINGMENT In an era where the whole world is considered as one global village, trademarks play an important role to distinguish the products of one business house from another. Trademark can be defined as a mark or symbol which distinguishes one product from other product of similar nature  [16]  . Its aim is to identify the source of a product and to distinguish that product from product of similar nature. It lends individuality to a product which helps the customers to identify the product placed with products of similar kinds. Trade mark not only identifies the product of its origin but it also guaranties its unchanged quality and further helps to build a brand image by advertises the products. In a rat race to present their products as the best, companies adopt advertising techniques that make use of trademarks, trade names, and other trade symbols combining informational and persuasive elements. Not only has the use of their own trademark gained popularity also the use of their counte rparts trade mark is fast catching up. In Advertising and Public Interest  [17]  , Ralph Brown argues that trademarks by themselves were worthless to the public; the publics interest inhered in the ability of trade symbol to inform and prevent confusion. He further asserts that the legal protection surrounding trade mark should be driven by analysis of the degree to which advertising itself served public interest. The law on comparative advertising and product disparagement, in relation to trademarks, in India, is based upon the law as laid down in Irvings Yeast Vite Ltd v FA Horse-nail  [18]  . Section 29(8) of The Trademarks Act, 1999 enunciates situations, when the use of a trademark in advertising can constitute infringement. It says that any advertising which is not in accordance with honest practices; or is detrimental to the distinctive character, or to the repute of the mark, shall be an act constituting infringement. At the same time Section 30 (1) makes comparative advertising an exception, to acts constituting infringement under Section 29. It provides that any advertising which is in accordance with honest practices, and does not cause detriment to the distinctive character or to the repute of the trademark will be permissible and will not constitute infringement. CONSTITUTIONAL VIEW- Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution of India protects the right to freedom of speech and expression. It is very important for us to analyze article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution in relation to comparative advertising. The freedom of speech and expression also has limitations but the same is restricted by imposing reasonable restrictions by the state under article 19 (2) of the Constitution  [19]  . Now the question is that whether the commercial speech can be protected under article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution. In the case of Tata Press Ltd. vs Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.  [20]  , the Supreme Court held that commercial speech cannot be denied the protection of Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution merely because the same is issued by businessmen. Court took a very wide interpretation of the Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution Supreme Court held that advertising as a commercial speech has two facets. Advertising which is no more than a commercial transaction is, no netheless, dissemination of information regarding the product advertised. Public at large is benefited by the information made available through the advertisement. In a democratic economy, free flow of commercial information is indispensable. There cannot be honest and economical marketing by the public at large without being educated by the information disseminated through advertisements. The economic system in a democracy would be handicapped without there being freedom of commercial speech. Supreme Court also stated that the public at large has a right to receive the commercial speech. Article 19(1) (a) not only guarantees freedom of speech and expression; it also protects the rights of an individual to listen, read, and receive the said speech. So the Supreme Court held that a party has a right to advertise its product making commendation about its quality. Advertisement being a commercial speech which is a part of the freedom of speech is guaranteed under article 19(1). (a) of the Constitution and it can also be restricted under Article 19 (2) if it fulfils its elements. Court was of the view that publicity and advertisement of ones product with purpose of boosting sales is a legitimate marketing strategy. Court has laid down various principles in deciding about the extent of comparative advertisement. Comparative advertising must compare products meeting the same needs or intended for the same purpose. Comparative advertising should explicitly or implicitly make clear what comparison is made. A case of disparagement arises only if product in question is identifiable. Comparison with another or ordinary product that does not allude to particular brand, cannot give rise to disparagement. For disparagement, a direct reference to competitive brand is not necessary. Even an indirect referencing that can identify a particular brand may lead to a case of disparagement. Comparative advertising should not mislead consumers about competitors product with which comparison is made. A manufacturer is entitled to make exaggerations like his goods are the best, or in puffing manner compare his goods with competitors, and the same even if untrue, will not give a clause of action to other manufacturers of similar product, unless in doing so the manufacturer says that his competitors goods are bad, or disparages and defame them. This makes clear that freedom of speech and expression does not permit defamation and it would be a little far-fetched to say that an advertiser has the liberty to disparage the product of his competitor without any check, under the grab of freedom of speech. The irony remains, that although it is one thing to say that your product is better than that of a rival and it is another thing to say that his product is inferior to your product, still while asserting the latter, the hidden message may be the former, but that is inevitable in the case of a comparison. While comparing two products, the advertised product will, but naturally, have to be shown as better.  [21]   Comparative Advertising-Consumers Perspective Comparative Advertising if seen in a consumer perspective it tells the difference between two goods in the market and tell the consumer why he should opt for the advertisers product.  [22]   One of the most effective methods for advertising a product is to compare it with competitive offerings. Side-by-side or A-B comparisons can provide prospective customers with compelling reasons to buy from the company. They can also help build credibility for its product. Subconsciously, the prospective customer says: Who would risk making a direct comparison if they didnt have something truly superior? Johnson and Johnson found this out the hard way when Proctor and Gamble introduced Whisper with a direct comparison of the various features that were new in their product as opposed to Carefree without once naming Carefree directly.  [23]   The comparison of goods and services provides more information and thus educates consumers in taking a better decision. The advertisers in India generally compare the prices that cater to the status appeal of the maximum populations as 30% of Indians live under the category of middle class which is the most growing consumer market and they are also benefitted with the comparative advertisements. From the research done in India and abroad regarding the consumer reactions to the comparative advertising, it is clear that it helps in informing customers on the comparative features of two competitive brands. It is an effective positioning tool as well.  [24]  Few advertisers view the comparative advertising as offensive but from the practical experience so far, it is an accepted fact that consumers are being benefitted by the comparative advertisements. In Indian market, as mentioned above there has been a sea-change after the introduction of LPG policies. Brands that were considered to be of very high quality with practically no competition have lost out to other international brands, with the opening up of our markets and with the increasing awareness of the consumers about the products. Comparative advertisement truly gives an opportunity to help consumers not only to decide on which product is better but also what is best suited for him.  [25]   Consumers generally do not observe quality before purchase. Prices cannot signal quality. The firms compete for customers by advertising their quality. We first analyze a pure disclosure framework. If a firm advertises, it discloses the truth; it cannot falsify as such. Compare two scenarios. In the first firms can only engage in non-comparative advertising, i.e., a firm may disclose its own quality but not the competitors. In the second scenario, the firms can also engage in comparative advertising. In both scenarios advertising is costly and firms may, therefore, choose to remain silent.  [26]   Some studies have questioned the effectiveness of comparative advertising. Swinyard found that when it is one-sided, comparative advertising loses credibility and generates sympathy for the brand being attacked.  [27]  A study by Ogilvy-Mather, a large ad agency, found that consumers frequently confuse the sponsor for the competitor in many comparative ads. Furthermore, there was no persuasiveness of comparative and non-comparative ads.  [28]  On the other hand, other studies have found that if the source is credible, comparative advertisement is effective. For example, Gotlieb and Sarel found that credible comparative ads were more likely to be notices and were more likely to influence intentions to buy the advertised brand compared with non comparative ads. They also found that credible comparative ads were particularly effective for new products. Swinyard found that credibility can best be achieved by making comparative ads two sided-that is, a comparative ad that names a competitor, cites some of the advantages of the comparative brand, and then points out the arguments for the advertised brand.  [29]   Marketers should also consider consumers goal when preparing comparative ads. Promotion-focused consumers, whose goal is to maximise their gains and positive consumers, will be more responsive to claims that Brand X is superior to Brand Y; prevention-focused consumers, who want to minimize their loss and risk, will be more sceptical of superiority claims and more responsive to claims that Brand X is similar or equivalent to Brand Y. Note that positively framed comparative messages(Brand X performs better than Brand Y) are more effective for promotion-focused consumers, whereas negatively framed messages(Brand Y has more problems than Brand X) are more effective for prevention-focused consumers. Positively framed comparative messages encourage more cognitive processing and prompt consumers to consider other brand information-sparking their buying intentions if the additional information supports the positive arguments.  [30]   But the comparative advertisement should extent to the limit that it misleads the consumer. Any misinformation will be prejudice to the consumers. Abuses in advertising can obviously have unfortunate effects on consumers ranging from money on item that did not live up to the standard, expectation, quality and effectively but results in hazardous accidents resulting from the misrepresentation of faulty goods.  [31]   Humour In Advertising  [32]   Marketers use humorous messages because they attract attention and because advertisers believe that humour can be persuasive. The use of humour in advertising has been increasing to the point where the majority of ads use humour. one reason is that a 2002 survey by Roper, a large marketing research firm, found that 85 percent of respondents said they like ads with humorous themes. There are pros and cons for the use of humour in advertising. On the positive side, humour is likely to increase attention and memorability. It is also likely to enhance the advertisers credibility. Humour may create a positive feeling towards the advertisers and increase the persuasiveness of the message. It may also distract consumers who use competitive products from developing arguments against the advertisers brand and may lead them to accept the message. Humour may also be considered inappropriate based on the economic and political climate. When is the use of humour most effective? Researchers have found that humour is most effective in gaining message acceptance- when consumers are not involved- because humour is peripheral to the message, it is more likely to influence consumers who are not involved with the product than those who are. for existing products- advertising new products require conveying information. Humour is a more effective means of establishing a mood than of conveying information. When consumers have a positive attitude towards the brand- humour can reinforce positive feelings towards a brand, but is unlikely to reverse negative feelings. Why Consumer Protection?  [33]   Consumer has no voice in the product which is manufactured for his consumption. It is very difficult to effectively organize consumers in country as vast as India. A majority of the population is illiterate and ignorant. Poverty, lack of education, lack of misinformation, traditional outlook of Indians to suffer in silence, considering poverty and misery as a god-given things-all these negative sides of our life have enabled unscrupulous businessman to exploit consumers in India. The march of science and technology has increased the difficulties of the consumer along with his opportunities of selection from a very wide variety of goods. JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS Indian Judiciary has defined certain limitations for comparative advertising. Certain cases discussed below will help us to clarify more on this term. The role of puffery as a facet of comparative advertising was substantively dealt with by an Indian court for the first time in Reckitt Colman of India Ltd. v. M.P. Ramchandran and Anr.  [34]  In the concerned matter, the plaintiff and defendant were manufacturers of clothing detergent brands Robin Blue and Ujala, respectively. It was contended by the plaintiff that the defendant, in its advertisement, had intentionally displayed a container that was similar to the one in which the plaintiffs product was sold, and in regard to which the plaintiff had a registered design. A further insinuation to the product of the plaintiff was in the fictitious product being priced at Rs. 10, which was known to be the price at which Robin Blue was sold. The advertisement went on to state that the said product Blue was uneconomical, and depicted that the same was a product of obsolete technology and hence ineffective. There was also an implication that the product failed to dissolve effectively in water, and hence damaged clothes by leaving blue patches on them. It was argued by the defendant that the bottle depicted in the advertisement did not bear any resemblance to Robin Blue, and that the object of the portrayal had been merely to assert the technological superiority of Ujala over other competing products. Hence, it was denied that there was any specific disparagement of Robin Blue in the concerned advertisement. In M. Balasundram v Jyothi Laboratories  [35]  , A television advertisement promoting Ujala liquid blue showed that 2-3 drops were adequate to bring striking whiteness of clothes while several spoons of other brands were required though no label of any other brand was shown. A lady holding a bottle of Ujala was looking down on another bottle and exclaiming chhi, chhi, chhi! in disgust. The manufacturers of Regaul, a competing brand, approached the MRTP Commission that the advertisement was disparaging its goods. The Commission was of the view that-a mere claim to superiority in the quality of ones product by itself is not sufficient to attract section 36(1)(x) of MRTP Act. In the advertisement, the bottle did not carry any label. Further, the bottle did not have similarity with bottle of any brand. The Commission, thus, was of the opinion that it could not be a case of disparagement of goods. On a different note decision given by the court in case of Hindustan Lever Limited v Colgate Palmolive (I) Limited  [36]  and Pepsi Co Inc v Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd  [37]  , where both Colgate and Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd liable for disparaging their competitors products, respectively. Even though in both advertisements the competitors product name could not be heard but could clearly be made out from lip movement. Such a method of circumventing the law was held to fall clearly within the ambit of disparagement. The courts further stated that any claims made in comparative advertisements must be backed by verifiable statistical data. Precedents like the one laid down in Dabur India Ltd. v. Emami Ltd  [38]  . could severely curtail the scope of comparative advertising. Jurisprudentially speaking, the concept of defamation has to be specific or individualized in nature  [39]  . In the present case, the courts seem to have overlooked this premise, as the courts ruling in the case laid down that even a reference to a generic class of products could be potentially disparaging. This could be viewed as dangerous precedent as it would disallow a competitor to even make comparisons on a general basis. Hypothetically if the newly launched Tata Nano were to put out an advertisement giving out the impression that bike owners could progress in life by graduating to a car, then based on the ratio of this case, any bike company would be able to successfully sue Tata for disparagement  [40]  . CONCLUSION In India theres no doubt that the law regarding to comparative advertising is well settled, but is it settled in the required manner? By copiously allowing puffing up in marketing strategies, until a competitor is not adversely affected, the courts have turned a blind eye towards the equally important consumer and his interests. Today in the Indian sphere the focus only seems directed towards the grabbing of eyeballs, without providing any productive information for the consumer to utilize. The objective behind comparative advertising was not only being informative and an important tool to promote competition but for comparisons to serve as benchmarks to help consumers focus on the products main qualities. Compara

Color on the Set of Shakespeare’s Henry V Essay -- Henry V

Color on the Set of Shakespeare’s Henry V   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Differences in color, especially sharp differences, emphasize the differences in moods between two parties; darker colors connote seriousness, while light colors connote frivolity. For a play of such stark contrasts as Henry V, color design like this heightens the divide. By darkening the set and costumes of the English, adding occasional bright swathes of red in a flag or a curtain, while presenting the French in a variety of pastels, accented with gold, the art directors of this performance were able to distance the two nations in their solemnity towards the act of war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The costume of the English, a mishmash of modern and renaissance styles, whether the padded flak armor style of the English, or the jackets-and-kilts style of the assisting Scottish, ranges from black to dark olive to a dingy gray; all in the same dim shade. Heavily contrasting this almost utter blackness are the silver accents: swords and necklaces, medals and rings. But even these give the whole of the English army a monochromatic scheme; if it weren’t for the faces and hands, one might start to see the play as a film shot in black and white (even more suggested with the occasional short films—all black and white—projected upon the backdrop). This darkness parallels the English army’s bleak view of the war: the French have insulted and withheld territory from Henry, and they far outnumber the English at the Battle of Agincourt. All this changes when the Earl of Cambridge, Lord Scroop, and Sir Thomas Gray are arrested for treason. When Ex eter rips their shoulder badges off, the bright red circle in the patch’s center is as clear as the sun. The color red, being the third most recognizable shade to the h... ...ndred, a large number of former squires that commanded units. The French costume enhanced their position toward the war, and was additionally boosted by the English contrast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Color can play such an important role in theatre, and when it is used to show such a contrast, especially in a play of such preexisting contrasts as Henry V, it instills a new life in the two sides, while also revitalizing the conflict and drawing a clear line between the French and English. It is the same divide we see before and after the Great War, or before and after Vietnam. The view of war has changed in the modern eye, and the dark English costumes show this jaded view of war, with the French sharing the same frivolous view as the prewar 1900s, or the 1950s. And, even as these views are demonstrated in the text, the colors of the focus these perceptions in the mind of the viewer.

Macbeth - Evil And Darkness :: essays research papers

The play "Macbeth" by Shakespeare is jam-packed with malfeasance and darkness. All actions taken by Macbeth, his wife, Lady Macbeth, the witches and Hecate have immoral intentions and/or evil outcomes. An example of such is Lady Macbeth’s dark intentions to quicken Macbeth’s crowning, fuelled Macbeth’s "vaulting ambition[s]" (Act 1 scene 7 line 27) to murder anyone or anything that stood in his path of a long reign. Shakespeare often uses darkness and will frequently set the scene as a dark and stormy night. This depicts that evil happenings are occurring or are about to take place. There are at least three examples of this in "Macbeth". "The night has been unruly: where we lay,/Our chimneys were blown down; and, as they say,/Lamentings heard i’ the air; strange screams of death,..." (Act 2 scene 3 line 54-56). "Three score and ten I can remember well;/Within the volume of which time I have seen/Hours of dreadful and things strange, but this sore night/Hath trifled former knowings." (Act 2 scene 4 line 1-4). Both these quotes are talking about the night of Duncan’s death. They are showing the comparisons between the natural unruliness and the anomalous disaster. "And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp." (Act 2 scene 4 line 7) is a metaphor for both the murder of Duncan and the night in which it transpired. A dark and stormy image is also portrayed when pernicious characters (ie. the witches, Macbeth and the murderers) meet. The witches play a very important role in "Macbeth", as they initiate the evil plot. Even from the prologue we can see the witches are evil. "Fair is foul, and foul is fair:" (Act 1 scene 1 line 11). They uphold their evil status throughout the play although their power is not fully demonstrated until the prophecies come true and also later where they conjure up the three apparitions. The witches are truly evil and love evil for its own self unlike Macbeth. "Spiteful and wrathful; who. as others do,/Loves for his own ends, not for you." (Act 3 scene 5 line 12-13). Throughout the play they provide the strongest impression of evil. They are continually committing mischievous deeds, such as, "Killing swine" (Act 1 scene 3 line 2), tormenting sailors and casting spells. "Macbeth" is built upon evil and sorcery. Whether it be the witches "Double, double, toil and trouble;/Fire burn and cauldron bubble." (Act

Competitive Analysis of Starbucks

When would a firm choose to operate on a transnational basis? Under what circumstances would a firm use a localization strategy? When would an international strategy be employed? Support your answers with examples. Firms look to operate on a transnational basis primarily to penetrate into foreign markets and expand their business. After tasting success at home, several firms make investments to expand globally in order to attain market share and boost revenues.Transnational companies have coordinating and operation-controlling power in multiple countries, even if they do not own them. General Motors, Ford, and Wal-Mart are amongst the world’s largest transnational companies. Japan, North America, and Western Europe account for about three quarters of the world’s transnational companies. When operations go international, localization strategy takes center-stage for firms. Firms use a localization strategy when they counter differences in management styles and cultural pr actices.Localization strategy is used by firms to adapt and cater to the choices and expectations of foreign customers and quickly occupy new markets. McDonald for instance, which operates in 119 countries, is a good example of a company that maintains its global brand identity successfully by using a localization strategy to adapt to the tastes and temperaments of diverse cultures across the globe. In short, localization strategy helps a firm deliver a unique customer experience that exceeds geographical boundaries.An international strategy is employed by a firm to create value through core competency transfer to a foreign market in which native competitors are not equipped with those competencies. Typically, a firm comes up with an innovative product and introduces it into the foreign market. As the demand for the product increases, the firm begins to export the product. As foreign competitors start production, the firm starts production abroad. The firm then standardizes producti on and relocates it to countries with low cost production opportunities.Xerox and Proctor and Gamble are examples of companies that followed this model and implemented an international strategy. References: http://www. slideshare. net/clemaitre/tn-cs http://www. ibscdc. org/Case%20Studies/Abstracts/Strategy/Corporate%20Strategy/COS0043. htm http://classes. bus. oregonstate. edu/ba447/Gonzalez%20(Winter%2008)/BA%20447%20-%20day%201. ppt How do the 4 Ps of marketing differ in a global business environment? Give examples from your own organization or one you are familiar with.The 4 Ps of marketing, namely: product, price, placement, and promotion vary widely in a global business environment as firms attempt to get their marketing mix just right so that they sell the right products, at the right prices and places, using promotion methods that are most suitable. A global company like Coca-Cola for instance essentially creates a single product and tweaks it differently for different marke ts. The sugar and corn syrup formulas of Coca-Cola are packaged using the contour bottle design with the dynamic ribbon in different shapes and forms.Coca-Cola bottles in some countries come in standard beverage-bottle sizes of those countries, with wording in native language as well. The price of a Coca-Cola varies from market to market due to production costs, ingredient costs, delivery costs, expected profit margins, competition, and so on. Coca-Cola’s product placement varies from country to country based on how the company wants to offer competition in the targeted market. Vending machines are not common in all countries and in US for instance, Coca-Cola is sold by the pallet through warehouse stores; however, in countries like India, such an option does not apply.Coca-Cola has moved away from the idea of sending the same message across globally in the wake of its global promotion strategy failure. Coca-Cola uses customized promotional strategies and regional themes inst ead of universal ones in order to counter varied language and cultural barriers of the global market. References: http://www. thetimes100. co. uk/downloads/theory/marketing_mix_(price,_place,_promotion,_product). pdf http://www. stamfordonline. com. my/courses/dba/dba206/DBA%20206%20Week%2010%20&

The City Life and the Country Life

Living area has always been a hotly discussed topic. Each person has their own preferences for staying in either a city, or the countryside. The typical differences between the city life and the country life will be soundly presented in this piece of paper. A city life differs from a country life in term of food and intellectual stimulation. To begin with, living in the city offers you various kinds of food. Cities are supposed to be the biggest food markets, therefore chefs do not have to travel far to get the oversea ingredients.Moreover, the city is certain to provide more facilities needed for intellectual stimulation than the countryside. Some of the major ones include modern technologies in universities, the diversity of books and magazines in libraries and bookstores, the enormous number of artworks in galleries and museums†¦ On the other hand, the country life contrasts with the city life regarding food and intellectual stimulation. Citizens in the countryside areas migh t not have a long list of foods, but they can guarantee that what they have been eating is totally safe because it is self-produced.More interestingly, many people consider the countryside an ideal place for educating a cultured person. Since it does not have as many amenities as the city, life in the country brings up more contemplative peace and quietness. One would have more time interact with himself, without being distracted by the outside elements as in a city. In brief, there are remarkable differences in food and intellectual stimulation between a city life and a country life. I highly recommend that you should consider my essay to make an appropriate decision on which area is the most suitable for yourself.

Associate Nurse VS. Baccalaureate Nurse Essay

There has been much debate over the years about the differences in competenciesbetween Associates Degree nurses (ADN) versus Baccalaureate Degree (BSN) nurses. In thispaper I will discuss my findings and also give a patient care situation in which I describe hownursing care or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educationalpreparation of the nurse BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree. Besides the difference in time,credits and money studies are showing a significant difference in ADN nursing versus BSN.â€Å"Research has shown that lower mortality rates, fewer medication errors, and positive outcomesare all linked to nurses prepared at the baccalaureate and graduate degree levels.† (AACN, 2013) An ADN program is a two-year program in which students learn the basics of nursing such as care plans and performing every day nursing skills, they offer courses that are more affordable and accessible which in this day and age can be a blessing and in the end they produce competent bedside nurses  who can sit for the NCLEX. We can thank Mildred Montag for founding the ADN program back in 1956 due to a major nurse shortage after the war (Friberg, 2011, p. 87-88). But some downfalls are â€Å"when combined with practical nurses, the total number of technical nurse types being produced is excessive given current and future market demands (Benner et al, 2000). As for jobs they are limited to hospitals, skilled nursing, long-term care facilities, clinics and physicians offices. A Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree is a four-year degree that is focused on theory and research. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) states that education â€Å"enhances both clinical competency and care delivery.† (Rosseter, 2013) Due to more formal education the BSN nurse is more of a critical thinker advancing in daily nursing tasks and avoiding deadly errors. They tend to look farther into the disease process and critical thinking behind it rather then just being a task oriented ADN. â€Å"Programs provide a solid liberal education and substantive upper division nursing major. Both components are combined in ways that prepare a nurse generalist who is able to provide professional nursing services in beginning leadership positions in a variety of settings† (Friberg, 2011, p. 87-88). Obtaining a BSN can open up more job opportunities for a person and in most cases makes you more desirable to employers. Many nurses get burnt out from being floor nurses so if you have your BSN you have the option to move into management or many other areas like insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, research jobs or even a clinical instructor. â€Å"Research shows they use evidence based practice for better patient outcomes.† (Moore, n.d.) â€Å" As also stated in the same article â€Å"numerous research studies have demonstrated that the ADN and BSN nurses are not different in skill competency when they graduate, but within a year, the BSN nurses show greater critical thinking skills better problem solving, and the development of clinical judgment; three skills of increasing importance for the increase in acuity of patients in hospitals and other health care settings.† (Moore, n.d.) In the February 2013 issue of the Journal of Nursing Administration, Mary  Blegen and colleagues published findings from a cross-sectional study of 21 University Healthsystem Consortium hospitals which found that hospitals with a higher percentage of RNs with baccalaureate or higher degrees had lower congestive heart failure mortality, decubitus ulcers, failure to rescue, and postoperative deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and shorter length of stay. By having the added knowledge from school, it shows in studies that BSN’s have better outcomes with less patient complications, which is good for everyone. PATIENT CARE SCENARIO A patient care scenario that comes to mind for me would be a patient in Labor and Delivery that has had slightly elevated blood pressures prior to the pregnancy, but with diet and exercise was able to avoid medication. But on admission an order for a blood pressure medication was ordered as a PRN in case it was needed. As the patient progresses into labor, her pressures start to rise slightly. The ADN nurse comes in see’s the reading looks at her orders and dispenses the medication, because that is what she is trained to do. Whereas the BSN nurse comes in to the patient’s room and see’s the same reading, notices the patient seems more uncomfortable and is a little upset. So as the BSN nurse I would ask if she was having increased pain and if she was offer her something for pain relief because that may help decrease the blood pressure. I would also ask her if something else was bothering her because she seemed agitated and the patient stated that her and her boyfr iend had just had a huge argument and she was upset over that. So with some pain relief and quiet environment the BSN nurse was able to avoid giving the patient an extra medication for her blood pressure. References Blegen, M.A., Goode, C.J., Park, S.H., Vaughn, T. & Spetz, J. (2013, February). Baccalaureate education in nursing and patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(2), 89-94. Creasia, Friberg, Joan L. Elizabeth E. Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice. 5th Edition. Mosby, 2011. VitalBook file. Pageburst online. Pages 87-88. Moore, D.S. (February 2009). The Difference Between Associate Degree Nurses and the Baccalaureate Degree Nurses. West Coast University: Dean’s Corner. Retrieved from www.westcoastuniversity.net/deanscorner. Rosseter, R. J. (2013) American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/NursingWorkforce.pdf

Free Essays on Equus

Reason and Logic The play Equus, by Peter Shaffer, revolves around a conflict between a boy driven by his passions, Alan Strang and an older psychiatrist sick of his rational world, Martin Dysart. Plato is a great philosopher and perhaps the most well known rationalist of all time. His ideas of epistemology and metaphysics are surrounded by his believe that the world is best knowable by human reason and had Plato been given the chance to talk with Alan and Dysart, he would have been disappointed in both. Plato would have been angry with Alan because of the lack of reason and logic in his life and Dysart because of his resistance to knowledge of the world of forms, Plato’s theory about what is really real. Everything wrong with Alan Strang stemmed from the fact that he allowed his passions to rule his every waking moment. In his book, Republic, Plato states, â€Å"It will be the business of reason to rule with wisdom and forethought on behalf of the entire soul; while the spirited element ought to act as its subordinate and ally† (104). Plato spends a fair amount of time in Republic setting out how the soul should be governed and the previous quote summarizes his conclusions about what the ideal soul should look like. In stark contrast to this ideal of Plato’s, Alan, â€Å"has known a passion more ferocious than I have felt in any second of my life†¦ he stands in the dark for an hour, sucking the sweat off his God’s hairy cheek!† says Dysart (Shaffer 82). Alan’s passion for his god Equus has taken over ever shred of logic and rationality in his body and Plato would find this an extremely unhealthy soul. Plato uses an analogy of a cave to des cribe where people are in their journey to knowledge of the Good. In this analogy, Alan would be one of the men chained in the cave, seeing only shadows on the wall. Alan has made no attempts to escape his dark prison and so Alan’s life is completely devoid of the reason Plato ... Free Essays on Equus Free Essays on Equus Reason and Logic The play Equus, by Peter Shaffer, revolves around a conflict between a boy driven by his passions, Alan Strang and an older psychiatrist sick of his rational world, Martin Dysart. Plato is a great philosopher and perhaps the most well known rationalist of all time. His ideas of epistemology and metaphysics are surrounded by his believe that the world is best knowable by human reason and had Plato been given the chance to talk with Alan and Dysart, he would have been disappointed in both. Plato would have been angry with Alan because of the lack of reason and logic in his life and Dysart because of his resistance to knowledge of the world of forms, Plato’s theory about what is really real. Everything wrong with Alan Strang stemmed from the fact that he allowed his passions to rule his every waking moment. In his book, Republic, Plato states, â€Å"It will be the business of reason to rule with wisdom and forethought on behalf of the entire soul; while the spirited element ought to act as its subordinate and ally† (104). Plato spends a fair amount of time in Republic setting out how the soul should be governed and the previous quote summarizes his conclusions about what the ideal soul should look like. In stark contrast to this ideal of Plato’s, Alan, â€Å"has known a passion more ferocious than I have felt in any second of my life†¦ he stands in the dark for an hour, sucking the sweat off his God’s hairy cheek!† says Dysart (Shaffer 82). Alan’s passion for his god Equus has taken over ever shred of logic and rationality in his body and Plato would find this an extremely unhealthy soul. Plato uses an analogy of a cave to des cribe where people are in their journey to knowledge of the Good. In this analogy, Alan would be one of the men chained in the cave, seeing only shadows on the wall. Alan has made no attempts to escape his dark prison and so Alan’s life is completely devoid of the reason Plato ...

Ethernet and Network Essay

Ethernet and Network Essay Ethernet and Network Essay Virtual Local Area Network: The Low Cost Solution The use of Local Area Networks has become common practice in most businesses and organizations regardless of their size. While this may be sufficient for many smaller organizations, larger networks will find that the use of Virtual LANs is not only practical it is essential. While it may not be as necessary for smaller businesses to incorporate the use of VLANs it is still tremendously practical. Not only do Virtual LANs segment the network they provide extra security without increasing the cost. This is only one of the many advantages. Other advantages are the ease of maintenance and improved performance. VLANs allow network administrators to segment their networks without physically rearranging the devices or network connections. A Local Area Network built with Layer 2 switches is considered a â€Å"flat network†. A flat network operates with a single broadcast domain and each device is interconnected within the network. Which means every device sees every broadcast packet that is transmitted. With the use of the same Layer 2 switches and the configuration of Virtual LANs within those switches the network now becomes a Layer 3 with the capability of routing within the network. A VLAN is made up of defined members communicating as a logical network segment. The switches are configured with access control list, mapping, and routing information to provide logical connectivity between the different VLAN members. The switches have two types of links; access links and trunk links. All network hosts connect to the switches’ access links to gain access to the LAN. The access link is the ports on every switch which is configured to access a particular VLAN. Trunk links are links that connect two VLAN switches together and is configured to carry data from all available VLANs. Virtual LANs work through the use of the Ethernet header. Moving VLAN data over multiple subnets requires a process called VLAN tagging in which the switch adds extra information into the packet header of the Ethernet frames so that the switch knows how to pass the data.The switch receives the Ethernet frame. If there is a VLAN tag in the header it will forward on through the ports tagged with that VLAN, if there is not a VLAN in the header the switch will assign it a VLAN according to the configurations on the ACLs. When building and configuring the ACLs for use with VLANs it is recommended to use different IP subnets for each VLAN. Most switches also require there to be a virtual routing interface configured on each switch. Moving VLAN data over multiple subnets requires a process called VLAN tagging in which the switch adds extra information into the packet header of the Ethernet frames so that the switch knows how to pass the data. A Local Area Network that is running with a high consumption of bandwidth caused by all hosts receiving broadcasts can benefit from the use of VLANs. In the case with a traditional LAN where two file servers may be sharing the bandwidth, if each file server is put into separate VLANs then the available bandwidth has been doubled. This easily improves the performance without increasing the cost. An organization that has many different departments can increase the security by separating each department into different VLANs and segmenting the network. Instead of the broadcast going to each host they now go to only the host within that VLAN. This increases security and lowers the possibility of several types of attacks. This also increases the security within the network as authorized users only see the servers within their designated network. While the other servers can be configured to communicate with users form other VLANs they do not establish a session with each other. If an attacker’s device sends an ARP broadcast searching for an IP address and receives a reply then the attacker cann see all the servers in that network and potentially providing access for a

THE COLD WAR IN EUROPE essays

THE COLD WAR IN EUROPE essays The end of the war in Europe revealed signs of growing mistrust between the USA and the USSR. Issues such as the Polish question, confrontation in Iran, containment, the Marshall plan, the Czechoslovakian Crisis, the Berlin Blockade, NATO, Cominform, Tito in Yugoslavia, the Korean War, Khrushchevs reforms, the Hungarian Revolution, the Berlin Wall and Cuba all accounted for the situation between the USA and USSR to turn into suspicion and confrontation. From the beginning, disagreements over wartime strategy foreshadowed post-war conflict, especially between the Soviets on the one hand and the British and Americans on the other. At the liberation of Italy in 1944, the Soviet Union was excluded from the Allied Control Council, heightening the suspicions of Stalin. At Teheran in 1943, then at Yalta and at Potsdam in 1945, the Allies worked out the broad outline for a settlement once Germany was defeated. Three issues defied resolution: the boundaries of Poland; the types of government s in Eastern Europe; and the future of Germany. The determination of each of the major powers to act unilaterally prevented the resolution of these major issues at Potsdam. The dispute over the boundaries of Poland festered throughout 1945, and fostered dissension between the Americans and the Soviets. Eastern Europe, it was agreed, fell clearly within the Soviet sphere of influence, but would be allowed to determine its own political future through free elections. Stalins promise was an empty one: free elections failed to materialize in areas dominated by the Red Army. The most contentious area of all was Germany, where the United States and the Soviet Union faced each other squarely in their respective occupation zones. No common goal for Germany existed. The British and the Americans wanted a politically unified and industrially self-sufficient country; the French and the Soviets wanted a politically weak Germany. In 1946, the West ceased the...

Bon marché - French Expression

Bon marchà © - French Expression Expression: Bon marchà © Pronunciation: [ bo(n) mar shay] Meaning: inexpensive, cheap Literal translation: good deal Register: normal Notes The French expression bon marchà © might be translated by either inexpensive or cheap. Like the latter, bon marchà © can be both positive (indicating a reasonable price) and negative (insulting the products quality). Bon marchà © is invariable in gender and number: it does not change to agree with the noun it modifies. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚   Je cherche un cadeau bon marchà ©.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Im looking for an inexpensive gift.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Avez-vous des voitures bon marchà © ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you have any cheap cars? However, bon marchà © can be made comparative and superlative:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Je prà ©fà ¨re la tà ©là ©vision meilleur marchà ©, mà ªme si elle est un peu plus petite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I prefer the cheaper TV, even though its a little smaller.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Il a achetà © les chaussures les meilleur marchà ©.   Ã‚  Ã‚  He bought the least expensive shoes. ​Synonyms (Positive and Negative) un bon rapport qualità ©-prix - good valueune bonne affaire - good dealun prix avantageux - bargain pricepas cher - inexpensiveune mauvaise affaire - bad dealla pacotille - cheap piece of junk More Expressions with bonFrench shopping vocabularyMost common French phrasesInvariable adjectives

World Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

World Civilizations - Essay Example This study highlights that  the political structure was reorganized in to two-tier system that allowed for efficiency in administration and the influence of noble families diminished. The administrative officials were selected on merit basis and corrupt officials were dismissed from government. Accordingly, Sui Dynasty established Sui Court and law reforms were carried out in order to remove certain harsh punishments on the people.From this paper it is clear that  the Dynasty came in to rule after a series of conflicts and thus economic social economic reforms were implemented in order to overcome the prevailing financial crisis. The Emperor implemented a land equalization policy that led to land distribution for faming purposes based on the number of people in a certain household. The Dynasty standardized measures and weights and unified the coinage and farmers enjoyed lower taxes thus enhancing the development of the social economy. Another milestone was the construction of Gra nd Canal in order to improve transport and enhance economic exchanges. The Dynasty sought protection from enemies by building the Great Wall in order to prevent invasion from Turks. Confucianism gained popularity and Dynasty expanded Southward due to great emphasis on public works.  Tang Dynasty was marked by rapid social and economic transformation such as religious tolerance, agriculture, revived civil service and education. Empress Wu Zhao improved the civil service and decreased the powers of the old nobility.

Source Essay Health Crisis Obesity Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Source Health Crisis Obesity - Essay Example In the medical world, among the several indicative parameters to determine the well being of a person is through Body Mass Index that is proportionate with his weight and height. A deviation from the normal range signifies that the person is obese. At present, 44 Million adults belong to the obese category, while an additional 6 million more have BMI's, a hundred times more than an obese. Otherwise labeled by the author as "super-obese" (Schloser 240,241). According to several studies conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the rate at which these numbers grow every year does not qualify age, gender, race or even educational level. Currently, it is postulated by CDC, that 37 states in America have obesity rates of over 15%. Accordingly, this is attributed to the fact that good economy renders inexpensive and hefty meals, resulting to an increase volume consumption that is coupled with a sedentary lifestyle. A major point stressed by this article is the lingering e ffect brought about by the advertising industry, resulting to this epidemic no longer responsive to healthy management by conscious choice. Statistics shows that a number of food-joint positions their product in market by offering large portion serving owing to the idea of getting your money's worth.

How lifes effect the Illegal Immigrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How lifes effect the Illegal Immigrants - Essay Example e like normal native people whereas illegal immigrants often use illegal channels for immigration which force them to live always under fear of the consequences. Being a secular democracy, America has opened their doors widely for most of the people from different parts of the country. Moreover, America is facing big manpower shortages in many fields which forced them to welcome more and more skilled professional from other countries. But most of the immigrants who immigrate to America through legal channels will try to bring their relatives and friends also through legal and illegal channels in order to exploit the possibilities in America. This paper briefly explains the life of illegal immigrants in America, based on two articles Tough-But-Fair Rules For Tomorrows Illegal Immigrants and When home is prison appeared on business week and T Don Hutto. Illegal immigrants always forced to live under the threats from the authorities. Many companies are giving employment to them in order to exploit them. Illegal immigrants would accept any type of jobs and they are ready to work for whatever the cheap salaries offered by the employer. Moreover, the employer doesn’t want to provide them any insurance coverage, accommodation facilities and any other incentives apart from the daily wages. In short, their living conditions would be pathetic compared to others in the society. The effects of illegal immigration are perceived differently by different people. Some people argue that illegal immigration is a blessing whereas some others are of the opinion that it is a curse to American people. â€Å"Many angry U.S. citizens rightly note that American business is rapidly legitimizing the residence of immigrants who have broken the law to enter or remain in the U.S† (Business Week). But their argument seem to be meaningless as many of the illegal immigrants are working only at the lowly paid sectors which an average American would never even think of. â€Å"Think farm work or

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Gun Control - Research Paper Example te this realization, the liberals have continued to push for the gun control as it increases the voter’s dependency on the government to offer them protection. The political effect has impacted the gun control in that it has shifted the voters leftward leaving the main supporters of the gun control to be the leftists politicians and liberal media (Kleinig & Lafolletee, 17). The Gun control is now believed to be a limitation or a denial by the government through the congress of the right of the citizens to armed self defense as stated by the Second Amendment of the United States of America Constitution (Kleinig & Lafolletee, 18). The congress have come out strongly using the discredited yet superficially appealing that the less the lawful-owned guns in the hands of the citizens, the fewer the crime cases even though guns have been considered as the main weapons of defense in America. The justification of their argument is that gun control laws result in enormous hardships. A good example is that of May 2012 when a gun control law led to an African American woman to be sentenced to prison for 20 years for just firing warning shots to her husband (Kleinig 280). This case resulted to an outburst of outrage around Florida as most people were against this sentence terming it as being unconscionable. The state has considered coming up with laws that ensure li ability in gun manufacturing and cover issues on shooting sports and personal protection. The laws also ensured that the licensed guns remained within the boundaries of the state exempt from the regulations of the federal that include licensing, background checks and registration. Most of the congresses believe that the gun control has potentially resulted to an increase in crime cases related to the use of guns through restricting its primary deterrent which is self defense. Statistics have it that law-abiding citizens in United States who use their guns outnumber the criminals who use guns and the ratio has