Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Essay

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Privacy seems to be something that many people desire, but is becoming less and less available. With all the new technology, it is easier than ever to invade someone’s privacy. With cameras everywhere, from ATM’s to people’s cell phones, it is difficult for anyone to do anything that can be kept to one ’s self. While privacy is a right that the average person doesn’t normally struggle with, it is a problem that celebrities encounter everyday. Paparazzi are constantly following these famous people around as they do their everyday things like shopping, playing with their children, partying, or simply hanging in their homes. It is basically the price to pay to be famous. While these celebrities’ lives are invaded to a large degree, shouldn’t they still enjoy the right to keep some aspects of their lives private? Celebrities should have the right to keep things like medical records private, because not only is it a violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), it is unethical to release medical information about someone to the public, even celebrities. In recent years, there have been a number of break-ins of celebrity medical records that have been leaked to the tabloids. In 2006 one of the country’s leading medical institutions discovered that the security of their medical records had been breached when The National Enquirer printed a story about Farrah Faucet’s cancer relapse, before the actress even told any of her family members† (Steinhaurer, 2008). Ms. Faucet is not the only celebrity who has had this happen. In 2007, George Clooney was informed that his medical records were accessed by people who didn’t have the right to look at them, following a motorcycle crash that left the actor with broken ribs and scrapes. Britney Spears was also a victim when the media reported that she was involuntarily hospitalized in 2008 and put in the psych ward under the thought she could be a danger to others or herself. Gossip outlets and other news media reported on her interactions with staff and visitors throughout her hospitalization (Techweb, 2008). These are incidents that have occurred for many years, as tabloids are always interested in the medical issues celebrities deal with, and keeping it under wraps is more difficult with technology making it easier for anyone to gain instant access to health secrets. â€Å"With the advent of networked computers, the problem has increased exponentially, and celebrities are constantly surrounded by people who are willing to trade in medical information for profit or their own 15 minutes† (Blankstein, 2008). While the people who accessed the records of these celebrities and leaked the stories are definitely at fault, I think that much of the blame also lies with the reporters and journalists who actually print and air the stories. The press is violating privacy by releasing these stories in two ways, legally and ethically. â€Å"Medical privacy rules apply to everybody, including celebrities,† Alicia Mitchell, spokesperson for the American Hospital Association said. â€Å"Everybody is entitled to confidentiality of what is often very personal information† (Rhea, 2007). By printing the very private medical information, there was a violation of HIPPA. HIPPA is an act that went into effect in 1996 and it set a national standard for securing and protecting patient health information. Hospitals have strict policies against leaking information, with the exceptions of insurance and law enforcement investigations. Because of this law, many health care providers won’t even admit to treating some patients (Techweb, 2008). While the people who leaked the stories to the press have been reprimanded by either suspension or termination, there wasn’t any type of consequences for the press for reporting this illegal material. That brings me to the ethical violation. â€Å"Depriving people of their privacy is a cruel and immoral act, which could destroy their lives. The sole objective of tabloids is to make money, so they’ll go to any extreme to satisfy their readers and increase circulation figures† (Heng, 2006). It is obvious that celebrity news is an outlet that sells, as seen by the numerous tabloids and entertainment shows. The public has an interest in what is going on in the lives of these rich and glamorous people. This brings on a form of mediated voyeurism, which can be defined as, â€Å"the consumption of revealing images and information about others’ real and unguarded lives, not always for the purpose of entertainment but frequently at the expense of privacy and discourse, through the means of the mass media† (Calvert, 2000). Basically saying that the public has a need to see these famous people and learn about their lives, even at the risk of invading their privacy. The tabloids simply exploit the public’s desire to learn these things, regardless of the ethical issues of invading a human being’s privacy. They know people will buy it and that they will make money. I think that to be an ethical journalist it is important to empathize with the person whose life is about to be splashed on the papers. Of course there is the matter of getting the story and pleasing the readers and the editor, but it should take into account the public’s real right to know. A story about the health of someone like the President of the United States might be something worth printing, because knowing how he is medically is of public interest because this is a man that is running the country. However, that is a different scenario with someone like Britney Spears. She is simply an entertainer and it isn’t important for the public to know her health because it will not affect the daily lives of people. It is simply news that the public likes to learn about. If I were a journalist, I would like to think to myself how I would feel if someone had released my medical records for the public to read. I would feel very violated. As Lance Morrow states, â€Å"Good journalistic standards are not difficult to state, just tough sometimes when applied case by case. Journalists function best when they are mature, experienced, and intelligent; when they keep their work as clear and simple as possible; when they fall back upon decency and common sense if questions arise about whether to run a piece† (Morrow, 2002). If these people were true journalists, they would think ethically about whether or not to release this type of information, and whether or not it is simply the decent thing to do. I would think that it would be an easy answer because, just because someone is famous, doesn’t mean that all of their privacy rights should be violated.

H Entering Australia

Executive Summary Table of Contents Introduction – Hennes and Mauritz (H&M) was first established in 1947 and have since expanded internationally and currently operate in 34 countries (H&M, 2009). As H&M continues to expand every year, the following report has chosen Australia as the new market, where analysis has been conducted to provide H&M with recommendations of which market entry method they should adopt and the threats and issues they must overcome to be able to succeed. 1. 0 – Country Analysis – Australia For the purpose of this report H&M (Hennes & Mauritz) has chosen Australia as the foreign country in which they wish to enter and introduce their products. Australia is the largest island, however, is also the smallest continent in the world which is situated below South East Asia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2009). Being the sixth largest nation on earth it also consists of six states and two territories with the lowest population density per square metre (REFERENCE). As it is practically impossible for H&M to enter the whole Australian market simultaneously, H&M has, therefore, chosen Melbourne as the first Australian state they wish to enter. There are many reasons for choosing Australia and Melbourne in particular including: †¢Melbourne is the second largest capital city in Australia with a population of 3,634,200 (REFERENCE). †¢Melbourne is renowned as the fashion capital of Australia, where the Melbourne Spring Fashion Week (MSFW) is one of the largest and most popular consumer fashion events in Australia (City of Melbourne, 2009). This may then make it easier for H&M to launch their products and also obtain brand awareness, as Melbournians are relatively ‘fashion conscious’. †¢New business opportunity, since 2006 there has been a 15% growth in the segment where young female consumers are demanding for low priced yet high quality and fashionable apparel (Euromonitor, 2009). †¢Australia has a similar country profile as previous countries H&M has successfully entered and launched its product. Hence, H&M appears to have prior knowledge and experience in expanding internationally into a Western country. 1. 0Product Analysis – Hennes and Mauritz (H&M) was founded by Erling Persson in Vasteras, Sweden, in 1947. It was initially known as Hennes, which is the Swedish word for â€Å"hers†, as the company only sold women clothing. Persson purchased Mauritz Widforss a small sporting apparel company and since then formed Hennes and Mauritz (REFERENCE). The company now operates in 34 countries including Germany, France, Hong Kong, USA and the UK. H&M continues to expand internationally where they expanded into the Japanese market in 2008 and will further expand into Russia and Lebanon by the end of 2009 and Israel and South Korea in 2010 (H&M, 2009). The core concept of H&M is to provide fashionable products at the lowest price possible, to compete with expensive department stores. H&M has 6 main product lines which include: †¢Women – diverse range of apparel spanning from basic sportswear to corporate and party garments. †¢Men – includes tailored garments such as jackets to fashionable apparel that reflect the latest trends. †¢Children – is divided into three categories – babies, children and H&M Young which is aimed at children up to the age of 14. Divided – targeted at teenagers and young adult, which offers fashion with a young look with creative designs that reflect those of the latest trends. †¢&denim Jeans – provides both traditional five-pocket jeans to the trendiest cuts. †¢Accessories – H&M also produces its own footwear, handbags, jewellery and even cosmetics. It should also be noted that H&M does not own manufacture any products, instead they re ly on over 700 independent suppliers primarily in Asia and Europe which enables them to select the best supplier (H&M, 2008). 3. 0 – Market Segments With the diverse range of product lines, it appears that H&M has the ability to target different market segments simultaneously, this is reasonably difficult to achieve. Therefore, for the purpose of this report, two specific market segments have been selected and profiled to provide an overview of which segments H&M should specially target when launching in Melbourne. 3. 1 – Profile One – Women's outwear segment The foremost market segment that H should target would be the women's outerwear segment which includes all garments from tops to blouses to jackets (REFERENCE). Main reason being, this market segment is reasonably profitable with a Retail Value of over $3000 million (Refer to figure XX), where women have traditionally been the dominate consumer in the clothing and footwear industry (REFERENCE). However, there appears to be a new social trend where men are becoming more fashion-minded and are also looking for cheaper options (REFERENCE). In recent times, there has been a change in preference for young women, where they do not only demand for high quality yet fashionable products, it must also be low priced (REFERENCE). H&M should then be able to target this segment, as the company's core concept coincides with this new trend. Where H's women's clothing are designed for women of all ages who are fashion minded, where its product line includes â€Å"everything from modern basics to tailored classics, sportswear, maternity clothes and cutting-edge fashion. † (H, 2008, pg. 17). However, for the purpose of this report and to make it easier to target, the primary segment will be young women aged 18 to 24, while the secondary segment will be women aged 25 to 40. . 2 – Profile Two – Childrenswear The second market that H should consider targeting once the women’s outerwear market has been successfully targeted would be Childrenswear in Australia, as figure XX illustrates the steady increase in the market share of childrenswear in Australia (REFERENCE). There are many reasons to the growth of the childrenwears market share; this may be because Australians are choosing to have few er children (REFERENCE). In addition, household isposable incomes have increased providing, the key buyer generally mothers, will be more willing to purchase good quality childrenwears at a low price. Therefore, H intensive range of children clothing which caters from infants to children aged up to 14, should be able to target the childrenwears market in Australia. Where the concepts for the children’s clothing are made to be fashionable, practical and hard-wearing (H, 2009). 4. 0 – Culture – Home Country, Foreign Country and Company Culture Each and every country, city and company will have its own distinct culture. There are many definitions of culture where Fletcher and Brown, 2009 has defined culture as â€Å"†¦prescriptive of behaviour that are acceptable to people in a specific community†¦learned†¦people are born into a culture†¦dynamic because†¦our behaviour influences the culture and culture is subjective† (Fletcher and Brown, 2009, pg. 76). It is crucial for H to have understandings of the culture of the home country, foreign country and also the company’s culture. Main reason being, cultural differences play an important role in launching and establishing H as competent competitor in the Australian market. . 1 – Swedish Culture The Swedish culture is typically perceived as egalitarian, simple and open to international influences (REFERENCE). This may be caused due to the predominance of the Social Democratic Party where it promotes the culture of equality, pluralism and individual freedom (REFERENCE). As the Swedish culture is relatively sim ilar to the Scandinavian, it can be assumed as a low context cultural country in contrast to Australia. Low context culture can be classified as â€Å"†¦ messages are mostly explicit and the words covey most of the meaning in the communication†¦ (Fletcher and Brown, 2009, pg. 88). Meaning in Sweden people mainly communicates through words and do not place emphasis on non-verbal cues. Therefore, this culture may affect business negotiations between Sweden and Australians, due to the differences in cultural context, where Australians rely more on body language and facial expressions (REFERENCE). In regards to the fashion culture, Sweden is greatly influenced by European fashion, where there is a strong ‘dressed up’ working man’s culture (REFERENCE). 4. 2 – Australian Culture It is relatively difficult to identify and analyse Australian culture, in comparisons to other countries, as Australia is newly formed country and is a predominantly multicultural society where it consists of different races and ethnic groups (Live in Victoria, 2009). However, there are gradual changes to social trends which may become part of the Australian culture (REFERENCE). Similar to Sweden, Australia also has a low cultural context, yet in contrast, Australians appear to place more emphasis on non-verbal cues. Relating this to the Australian clothing culture, Australians generally dress in business attire during business hours. Though outside of working hours, Australians tend to choose clothing that is comfortable such as track suit pants and a loose fitted t-shirt, in comparison to a pair of jeans and jacket (Department of Immigration and Citizenship). This is an important factor; H must take into consideration, as this will directly affect the products and marketing strategies used to target the market segments. For instance, as Australia appears to have a ‘laidback’ culture, it would probably suit the market more if H was able to launch products that suited the Australian culture and preferences. . 3 – H Culture Company culture can be defined as â€Å"a system of values and beliefs shared by people in an organisation – the company’s collective identity and meaning† (Fletcher and Brown, 2009, pg. 334). As stated on the official H website, the company believes its employees, teamwork, working at a face past and constantly improving (H, 2009). This suggests that H a ppears to have a relatively open, carefree and energetic company culture, where it strongly promotes open communication between managers and their employees (H, 2009). In addition, H is a firm believer of non-discrimination where all qualified applicants are given equal opportunities regardless of any characteristics including, race, religion, sexual orientation, sex, age marital status or disability. The company culture of H should not cause any implications when entering the Australian market. However, it may cause implications when international marketing strategies does not coincide with the company’s culture, as strategies are designed to accommodate the company’s culture and not vice versa (REFERENCE). 5. – Economic Factor The Australian economy has recently experienced a market downturn where economic factors such as consumer confidence and disposable income will have a direct and indirect impact on the market entry and success of H in the Australian market. ?Gross Domestic Production (GDP) The GDP for Australia has been relatively flat in 2009, where there is no significant growth, however, there is an anticipated growt h of 0. 5% in 2010 and with the recession ceasing there should be gradual growth of 3. 25% in 2011 (ANZ, 2009). ?Interest Rates In recent times, the interest rate has continued to drop, where in 2009, the nominal interest rate had dropped by 3% (Refer to Figure 2. 0 in Appendix). As interest rates are low Australians are discouraged from depositing money in the banks as it does not generate interest. ?Household Income From figure XX and XX the equivalised disposable household income for Australians appears to have gradually increased. For instance in 1995-96 there were 11% of total income categorised as being low income, however, in 2007-08, this had decreased to 10. 1%. While there has been a significant increase of high income earners, from 37. % in 1994-95 and 40. 5% in 2007-08 (ABS, 2009). Overall, the Australian economy appears to be reasonably attractive as both GDP and equivalent disposable household income have increased, which suggests that consumers have more money and are more likely to spend and purchase consumer goods which include clothing and footwear. Therefore, H should take advantage of this consumer confidence and enter the Australian market rapidly as consumer currently have the ability to purchase more consumer goods that are not considered to be a necessity. 6. 0 – Competitors Analysis Even though the clothing and footwear industry in Australia is viewed to be an attractive market to enter, there does appear to have intense competition (REFERENCE – competitive). Referring to figure XX, there is no dominant market leader in the Australian market; however, there are a number of brands who have gained substantial brand share, such as Just Jeans (1. 9%) and Jays Jays (2%) respectively (REFERENCE). All brands operating in the clothing and footwear industry could be considered as H competitor, however, Just Jeans and Jay Jays are the two most similar brands compared to H. Where they have also identified the demand for fashionable yet low priced products, therefore, all three companies have similar product offerings and also customer profiles. Hence, to successfully enter and establish H in the Australian market, it would be essential to have sound knowledge of competitors and develop core competencies such as designs that are exclusion and is able to differentiate H from other similar brands (REFERENCE). 7. 0 – Social Trends – Sizes Overall, both Australian men and women’s body weight has gradually increased in recent times. However, as the primary segment for H are young women aged between 18 to 24, only the body weight of women will be discussed. From previous surveys conducted there appears to be a steady increase of the average weight of women from 62. 6kg in 1989-90 to 67. 7kg in 2004-05 (ABS, 2009). From figure XX there also appears to be considerable increase in the Body Mass Index (BMI), where there are less women classified as being normal weight, while there are more women who are overweight and obese. As a result of this increase in body weight, the dress size as also increased from size 12 to size 14. Hence, to accommodate to this increase in weight, most clothing brands have now introduced larger sizes for instance, Portmans now has size 16 as part of their standard dress size (REFERENCE). Therefore, to ensure that H is able to compete with other competitors it would be essential for them to manufacture products that are the suitable size for Australian women. 8. 0 – Conclusion In conclusion, this report has thoroughly analysed a variety of factors to identify the attributes and threats of the Australian market in relation to the launch of H. Taken as a whole Australia appears to be an attractive market which consists of a stable economy and high consumer confidence. Where H is able to use these attributes to help them better penetrate and expand in the Australian market. In contrast, many threats were also identified including cultural differences, changes in social trends and also intense competition. It is absolutely essential for H to gain thorough understanding of the threats and furthermore the business and social environment of the Australian market. Main reason being, H will then be able to develop specific marketing strategies to address and overcome these issues to successfully enter and become a market leader of the women’s outerwear segment in the Australian clothing and footwear industry. 9. 0 – Recommendations. From previous analysis Australia and the city of Melbourne in particular appears to be a possible market for H to enter and expand into. Therefore, the following recommendations are written in correspondent to the threats and issues identified in the conclusion and throughout the report. †¢Market Entry Option – Direct Exporting It is suggested that H adopts a direct exporting method to enter the Australian market. Direct exporting can be identified as â€Å"†¦ the firm itself contacts the buyers overseas and either sells direct to the end-user† (Fletcher and Brown, 2009, pg. 290). Mainly because this is the market entry option H are experienced in using and is also one of the most commonly used method. As it is relatively simple to operate and provides the company with more control over the operation of the business. †¢Adapting to Australian fashion culture – Style and Size For H to succeed and be able to obtain market share, the company must adapt to the Australian fashion culture and the physical body size of Australians. Therefore, H is recommended to use product development strategies where they manufactured products that suit the Australian market. †¢Suitable store location – Chadstone Shopping Centre Finding a suitable store location also plays an important role to the launch of H in Melbourne. Therefore, Chadstone Shopping Centre is suggested as a suitable store location for the first H store to be established. Main reason being, the shopping centre is well-known and has a solid customer base, which makes obtaining brand awareness easier.

Communal harmony: need of the hour Essay

There is hardly any other country in the world than India which has a great diversity of culture, religion, language, tradition, community etc. People live and think in terms of their respective religions, faiths and tongues, and seek to serve their selfish ends without thinking of the national good. Such thinking is dangerous and is bound to lead to the disintegration of the country in the long run. The need of the hour, therefore, is to fight the forces of disunity and disharmony and to work ceaselessly for the achievement of national harmony and peace. Communal harmony is the coming together of all the communities of the country and living together with a sense of brotherhood and equality, irrespective of their caste, creed, religion etc. We should sink our personal differences in larger interests of the country and adopt a common approach to national problems if we want to achieve the laudable goal of national integration and communal harmony. Attrocities are being committed in our country, day in and day out, in the name of caste, sect, community, social and economic differences and divergent political veiwpoints. Extremists and terrorists who have let loose the reign of terror in some parts of our country and have killed hundreds of innocent and peace-loving citizens, are being lionised as martyrs. It is our bounden duty, as patriotic citizens of our country, to fight tooth and nail against these anti-social elements who are bent upon destroying the unity and integration of the country. So our goal is clear, to put a stop to the process of disintegration that has lately started raising its ugly head and to accelerate the process of communal harmony, solidarity and oneness that has recently received a setback. How to achieve this is the main problem? We have to make all our brethren feel that the whole country belongs to them, that there is no high and low in our country, that there is no distinction between the

Visual Merchandising

Visual Merchandising: Visual Merchandising is very important because the first impression of the product or store on the customer is by visualizing. If the impression is positive then customers attract to the store. A store must have the inviting appearance to the customers. Objectives of Visual Merchandising: Objective of visual merchandise is to attract the customers to your business in order to sell the merchandise. The main objective is to make the customers feel comfortable and eager to buy. Essential of Visual Merchandising: * Interior Floor  Design  and Display. * Space and Signage. * Window Display. Tools Use for Visual Merchandising: Audio-Visual Displays. * Decoration and Props. * Signage and Graphics. The presentation in visual merchandising falls into two categories mainly: 1. Exterior Presentations. 2. Interior Presentations. Exterior Presentations: The outlook of a store is a major determinant for a customer. Good exterior presentation attracts attention, creates in terest and invites the customer into business. It involves exterior signs, banners and window display. Exterior Signs: A store sign is its â€Å"signature† which tells the customers that what type of the business and what it sells. In less than 10sec the sign must attract attention.Banners: Banners are used to sales promotion. It should be very colorful and eye catching. Window Display: Some products should be placed on a store’s window. Window display should attract attention, create interest and invite people into the store to purchase goods. New displays indicate new up-to-date merchandise is available. Interior Presentations: Another way of the merchandising is through interior display that effectively show merchandise to the customers. The purpose of doing this is to develop interest for the merchandise. It involves color theme and images, lighting, props and fixtures. Researchers found that 64. % of all purchase decision was made inside a store. Three goals of st ore are- 1. Motivate the customers to spend money 2. Protect the image of the store 3. Keep expenses to minimum Color and Lighting: Color in a display can catch eye and make people pause and look. The overall color combination can affect the atmosphere of a store. Lighting is essential in calling attention to merchandise in a display. Customer’s eye is drawn automatically to the brightest area. Props and Fixtures: A display prop is not for sale, it is just used with a product in a display to clarify the function of the product being sold.Merchandise and Fixture Display Recommendations: Goods can be effectively displayed on a variety of fixtures such as tables, cubes, racks and other display cases. Movable shelves from all sides used in self-service retail stores to display merchandise. They can be lined up in stores as grocery or hardware stores. Errors Commonly Occurring in Display: * Too much merchandise * Too little merchandise * Too many props * Poorly selected props * Di splay changed to seldom * Limited or no display budget * Lack of attention to detail

Comprehensive Immigration Reform Essay

Over time, the United States Immigration system has undergone a myriad of comprehensive reforms which have proven to greatly impact the composition of its population. Though it is unclear whether these specific policies were products of theoretical assumptions, such as those associated with a country’s economic stature, the social norms of the time period, or further contributory factors such as the existing political landscape, the issue of immigration has continued to remain problematic in the 21st century and requires a structured approach. Preceding the current Obama administration and previous Bush administrations of the early 2000s, relatively recent major reforms were made to the U.S. immigration system through the passage of bills beginning in 1986 under the Immigration Reform and Control Act, in 1990 under the Immigration Act, and in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Bodvarsson and Van den Berg, 368). Each of these legislative bi lls proposes different sets of provisions which include, to some degree, address comprehensive immigration reform. However, the policy strategy to include these broader reforms on recent immigration legislation have largely failed to emerge from beyond the preliminary procedures of Congress as a result of strong opposition by today’s lawmakers. More specifically, the notable policy trend in contemporary immigration legislation involves the heavy emphasis on border enforcement as the principal solution to the issue as a whole. The comprehensive processes that were once established through the legislative bills of the 1980’s and 90’s, such as the family reunification programs, legal amnesty clauses, and population ceilings, are now largely absent from the one-dimensional enforcement system utilized today. It is within the scope of this philosophical shift that has elicited the question of why the most recently implemented immigration policies have been limited to the expansion of border enforcement mandates, while preceding legislative reforms aimed to embrace a somewhat broader framework that addressed additional issues beyond enforcement? More importantly, is strictly focusing and funding border enforcement programs the most economically feasible solution in comparison to alternative methods? In order to reach an appropriate conclusion to the questions raised by the current trend, it is required that an extensive evaluation and comparison of the fiscal budgets of recent policies be conducted, in addition to an examination of the overall efficiency and  effectiveness of those policies by analyzing annually recorded statistics. Also, a thorough understanding of the overall complexities and interconnectedness of these policies with other prominent issues in the public policy realm is required and must serve as a starting point in order to clearly establish the context of the existing public discourse on immigration. This gradual regression of the US immigration system can be understood by first examining some of the ways in which certain large-scale issues played a role in the federal government’s policymaking process during the turn of the 21st century. Migration Policy Institute analyst Marc R. Rosenblum discusses some of these issues in depth in his insightful piece titled, Understanding the Stalemate over Comprehensive Immigration Reform. As he points out, the months following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks demonstrate the ways in which the immigration system was, though indirectly, greatly effected by the efforts made by Congress and the President to take swift action, in which he reite rates in his words, â€Å"immigration processes and border controls immediately became a central topic of concern,† (4). This immediate response by the government led to a massive restructuring of the immigration system under new security and anti-terrorism policy measures. Any notion that these actions would essentially entail some comprehensive reforms would prove to only result in the passing of the Real ID Act in 2005 which only toughened regulations for immigrants trying to acquire a state driver’s license, and also did so only as an attachment to another unrelated measure (5). Other efforts by supporters of comprehensive immigration reform in both the House of Representatives and Senate would eventually fail to push forward any new legislation in 2006 and again in 2007 despite passing the Senate, but ultimately lose momentum for any chance to propose restructured visas or legalized amnesty after the abrupt economic decline of 2008 (6). Even more recent legislative efforts to renew comprehensive reforms by Senator Robert Menendez of New Jersey in 2010, as well as by former Texas Representative Solomon Ortiz in 2009, died in Congress despite Ortiz’s CIR ASAP bill being referred to committees (loc.gov, 2012). Though Senator Menedez†™s bill was reintroduced in earlier of June 2011 to the current 112th Congress, the senate has only passed a total of 24 public laws this year (loc.gov, 2012). In contrast, enforcement based provisions as well as their monetary funding  requirements passed easily over the same period of time through bills such as the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 and the Secure Fence Act of 2006 (Rosenblum, 5). The legislative activities during these years present the very pattern that remains today. One that had ultimately began with the passing of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, where President George W. Bush authorized the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, which would eventually become the permanent cabinet department that federal border enforcement programs and immigration officials would operate under (Chishti et al, 2). In addition to his discussion on the policy agenda set forth by the 9/11 attacks, Rosenblum offers specific examples as to why the trend favoring the strict use of enforcement has continued and declares that within the field of immigration policy there is a strong bias which is, â€Å"in favor of enforcement rather than legalization or visa reform,† (10). He continues to then list three primary reasons for the existence of the bias noting of the cost-benefit advantages of migration enforcement, the procedural difficulties for drafting and enact ing new legislation, and its classification as an issue which is conveniently easy to support in the political arena (Rosenblum, 11). While Rosenblum’s examples summarize the most basic obstacles that have successfully defeated any efforts to formulate comprehensive reforms earlier in the decade, these same rationales have only continued on and remained consistent today, even under a newly elected President in Barack Obama. Given that the 2007 McCain-Kennedy bill marks perhaps the most legitimate effort at achieving comprehensive immigration reform in the 21st century, it seems as though the complexities of the legislative processes and strategic ploys utilized by the field’s major players have successfully prevented any changes to policy approach. However, it is also critical to note that Obama’s legislative agenda became focused with the sudden economic downturn shortly after taking office in 2008, as well as taking on other major legislation in addressing healthcare and insurance reform. The outline of these concerns can also be understood as a list of relatively new constraints upon compreh ensive immigration supporters, as there is a distinct contrast in the policy approaches between the 107th-112th congress and those with which preceded it. The earlier legislative bills which utilized comprehensive immigration measures, such as the Immigration Reform  and Control Act of 1986, were generally aimed to address and, if successful, rid some of the problems at which the immigration system faced at the time. However, it is also clear that by doing so these specific programs also helped to realign and improve the current system as a means to better establish the general trajectory and stable functionality of the system in the future. Though the extent to which programs were more or less effective is often debated, it is necessary to assume that the immigration system as a whole requires continuous adjustments appropriate for fulfilling, as writer Richard A. Boswell states, â€Å"the overall objective of immigration laws in the United States,† or more specifically to, â€Å"keep the flow of people into the country to a manageable level, while preserving the interests of family unity and the need for labor,† (Bosw ell, 204). While Boswell’s definition is by no means interpreted as federal law, the author’s statement essentially grasps the premise of immigration and two of its most pressing issues which remain at the core of the modern day discussion. As the congressional record of today’s policies in the greater the 21st century have shown, lawmakers have failed to properly preserve immigration by choosing to over pursue and implement a vast agenda of security measures which, have thus far proved only ineffective and highly inefficient in solving the field’s most glaring issues. The continued efforts to focus on enforcement and reestablish stricter policies have proceeded beyond necessity and have reached excessive levels of spending without producing adequate or proportional results. The statistical reports provided by the federal government reinforce these observations, as they largely reflect the emphasis of strict enforcement programs backed with high spending, particularly when evaluating the fiscal year budgets and recorded results for all active US immigration organizations. For example, dating back to 1990 the United States Border Patrol had a fiscal year budget totaling the amount of $262,647. Since then, their budget has dramatically increased by 1,251 percent given their reported 2011 fiscal year budget of $3,549,295 (CBP.gov, 2012). For their parenting agency, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the budget also grew from $5.9 billion in 2003 to $11.8 billion in 2011 (DHS.gov, 2012). The newly created Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency also experienced a budget increase over time, from $3.3 billion to $5.7 billion in 2011 and  peaking at $6 billion in 2009 (DHS.gov, 2012). The examination of the data also revealed an unlikely detail, depicting no drop or reduction in enforcement spending despite the economic downturn during the fiscal year of 2008, nor afterward in 2009 (DHS, 2012). Although the funding for enforcement continues to steadily increase, the immigration system remains largely cost-ineffective. In an article published by the Immigration Policy Center, estimates calculated by the National Immigration Forum stated that costs to detain a single person under the ICE agency amount to $166 per day, and also require over five million dollars in daily operating costs to detain 33,400 people in more than 250 facilities (immigrationpolicy.org, 2012). The article also reported that, â€Å"In 2009 and 2010, over half of detainees did not have criminal records,† and that â€Å"Traffic offenses account for nearly 20 percent of those who did,† (immigrationpolicy.org, 2012). The statistics listed in the article suggest a clear pattern of inefficiency that takes place at a micro level on a day-to-day basis. Although it is hardly sufficient to utilize these numbers as the fundamental basis against the use of heavy enforcement in immigration, an examination of the fiscal issues and its greater impacts at the macro level represent many more problems. Given that the increased spen ding on enforcement programs aim to essentially reduce the overall unauthorized immigrant population in the United States and prevent further illegal entry into the country, statistics provided by research studies suggest that the coveted outcomes do no match the actual results. When looking at the Department of Homeland Security’s annual population estimates for the unauthorized immigrant the number was reported to be 11,510,000 for the year 2011 which grew in comparison to the 10,790,000 estimated for 2010 (dhs.gov, 2012). Though there are immediate concerns given the data limitations which distort the overall accuracy of the estimates made by the DHS, the unauthorized immigrant population living in the United States has thus far grown significantly from the 8.5 million as detailed by the department back in the year 2000 and into the double digits during the new decade (dhs.gov, 2012). Those who strongly support the strategy of strict enforcement, such as Jessica M. Vaughan of Immigration Daily, expected quite the opposite of what the current statistics have measured. In her article, Vaughan anticipates that through strict enforcement tactics such as attrition, immigration enforcement should then  greatly improve to being both â€Å"faster and ch eaper,† (cis.org, 2012). Also, she offers a prediction that the strategy could, â€Å"reduce the illegal population from its current 11.5 million to 5.6 million in a period of five years, a 51 percent reduction,† (cis.org, 2012). Considering the scope of these outcomes and the results of the actual data producing statistics not even remotely close indicate that the current enforcement programs are ineffective, but continue to experience budget growth. Still, in the simple context of theoretical presumptions, heightened security measures and the overall approach of adopting strict immigration laws should ideally yield the capacity to generate a mass reduction in the unauthorized immigrant population over time, and provide greater collective protection against the most dangerous criminals and/or terrorists that are considered threats to the United States. However, another alarming statistic mentioned by immigrant attorney Tara Magner from an analysis done by Syracuse University research proves the liabi lity of these assumptions at which, â€Å"It found that less than 0.01% of arrests of noncitizens by Homeland Security agents were terrorist related,† (Magner, 3). With the steady growth of enforcement budgets continuing at the forefront of US immigration policy, one can conclude that the current system is in desperate need of more cost-efficient and highly beneficial reforms. Another key aspect at which the current US immigration system affects is the national economy. For example, author Raul Hinojosa-Ojeda uses a general equilibrium model in his research to help calculate and project the economic outcomes of alternative immigration reforms (Hinojosa-Ojeda, 177). Under his first alternative scenario, which calls for the creation of, â€Å"a pathway to legal status for unauthorized immigrants in the United States and establishes flexible limits on permanent and temporary immigration,† his research estimates a yearly increase in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product by .84 percent, or $1.5 trillion dollars over a full decade (177). This alternative alone holds more positive benefits for an already struggling economy by primarily improving wages and productivity but also by increasing small-business formation, home ownership, and greater household investment in education (187). In a second setting, Hinojosa-Ojeda analyzes the effects of a temporary worker program and concludes that the U.S. GDP would increase  annually by a slightly less .44 percent, totaling an additional $792 billion over a 10-year span (177). While comparatively not the optimal scenario between the two, establishing a temporary worker program remains on the table when constructing a partisan bill in Congress. Also, an extreme third option proposing mass deportation is for the most part an unrealistic policy approach and widely unpopular on both sides of the issue but nevertheless, â€Å"serves as an extreme or boundary case against which we can evaluate the other two scenarios,† as articulated by the author. (188) When closely examining the first scenario and its greater effects, however, the comprehensive reforms also add close to $1.2 trillion dollars in consumption and more than $250 billion in investment, while also generating additional tax revenues of $4.5 to $5.4 billion dollars, numbers that can sustain new jobs at a range between 750,000 to 900,000 (189). It is then made clear that the benefits of comprehensive reforms exceed those brought forth by a temporary workers program or a mass deportation and is thus the most favorable option, despite any difficulties it may have in becoming a bipartisan political acquisition that successfully reaches a vote in Congress.

Where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the Research Paper

Where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the workplace - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that technology has played a very important role especially in the world of business. Many business companies are applying different forms of technology with the aim of enhancing daily operations. This has somehow resulted in a lot of competition in the world of business. Electronic surveillance is one of the fields of technology that has been used by businesses in the world. This state of the art technology has been used with the aim of enhancing security in the different business setting. Electronic surveillance has also been a system which has reduced the threat that has been posed by terrorism in the past few years. Businesses have experienced a lot of achievements and this can be related to the aspect of applying electronic surveillance in the business world. However, there have been some controversial issues in regard to electronic surveillance of employees in the business setting. There are a variety of ethical considerations that sh ould be made before adopting and fully implementing the art of electronic surveillance for employees in any business setting. As much as electronic surveillance has been embraced in the world of business, there are some important considerations that should be made on the part of the employee. Some researchers view the art of electronic surveillance as an intrusion to privacy because there are some cases in which employees require privacy in the workplace. Privacy is an important aspect of good human relations.... Explain whether it makes a difference if an employee is in an open area or in an enclosed office. There is a difference between the locations in which an employee is found within the business setting. Employees have two kinds of settings in the work place. One of the locations is the open area. This is a location where employees can freely communicate and it is subdivided by desks for every employee. Electronic surveillance cameras are fixed in most open areas. The other kind of setting is the enclosed offices within the businesses. Most of these are reserved for the managers and other members of higher management. Questions have been raised as to whether there is a difference between the open areas and the enclosed offices. As much as there is a difference, the enclosed offices should be fixed with surveillance cameras as well (Slobogin 2007). The main reason to this is that it would prevent situations where employees are manipulated by top managers within the businesses. The enclos ed offices should be treated just as the open area. As much as it is important to monitor employees at the lower level of management, it is also important to monitor employees at the higher management level of the organization. Most businesses are biased in that electronic surveillance is made for employees at the lower management level and not those at the higher management level. 3. Explain if Herman’s need to know whether his salespersons are honest is a sufficient ground for utilizing electronic surveillance. A business may prosper or fail and this may be as a result of the character exhibited by employees. Dishonesty is one of the ill characters that lead to the failure

Answering questions regarding personal statement 1 Essay

Answering questions regarding personal statement 1 - Essay Example Additionally, I know my rights and privileges as an employee. Such knowledge will ensure that I create effective labor relations at the company thereby enhancing my productivity at the company. I understand the dictates of professionalism, codes of conduct and the ethics of the practice. I am a quick learner thus best suited for employment. The feedbacks show that I am a visionary and self-aware individual. I have immense passion and have a clear roadmap of how to achieve my dreams. I systematically cultivated my love for electronics and am currently seeking admission to pursue a degree in engineering. This shows my dedication, hard work and adaptability. However, the feedback further shows that I have to enhance my commitment and interact with like-minded individuals who would help increase my productivity both in school work and later at a place of work. I am extremely ambitious a feature that may turn to an obsession. As such, I need to engage in other extracurricular activities to help balance my interests and ambitions. Furthermore, co-curricular activities would help transform me into a holistic, healthy and mentally alert individual thus improving my productivity. I could have provided better evidence by limiting the examples and evidence to the most essential. Apparently, I created a lengthy document consisting of a number of unrelated features. In future, I will ensure to include the essential details that have a direct correlation to the job. With few yet appropriate evidence, I will explain the relationship between the evidence and my abilities effectively thereby succeeding in presenting my strengths and abilities succinctly. Additionally, I will explain the evidence chronologically by ensuring that they portray my development goals and future aspirations. In my future studies at LJMU, I will strive to develop my skills by deciding to specialize in a course that will enhance my

Culture and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture and Technology - Essay Example In a book of Lederach J. P. (1995) says, "Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people perceiving, interpreting, expressing and responding to the social realities around them." People wakeup, take breakfast and go to their offices for work. In the evening they came back take rest, enjoy with family, go out to refresh their minds, have dinner and sleep at nights. The next day they do the same with slightly ups and down. So this is a culture of mankind community to eat, work, enjoy and sleep on daily basis. Changing this culture is impossible. Now if we take an example of an Accountant who daily writes hundreds of ledger pages using pen and paper giving pain to his fingers and stress on mind in hours now can do all this using a technology named as Computer, in few minutes through few clicks. Technology is increasing and updating in day by day. Abacus gives rise to Computer. Computer get advance gave rise to a technology known as Internet. Internet is used to communicate the world from one end to another. Not only this, but there are many uploaded free books and libraries that makes studies more comfortable and enhanced. Computer and major Internet becomes part of daily lives. Instead of having big expensive machines, people start buying personal computers. Computers get to be in reasonable price and technology rises to home to home. Internet starts being part of students, professionals and every field of man's life. The technology raised and internet and computer starts playing important role in business and large organization which tends people carry their work with them and Laptops or mini computers on mobile are evolved. Carrying laptops from one place to another was getting difficult, as laptops are expensive and a doubt to get theft increased. Tough technology with these thoughts researched and developed a Remote Computer. A Computer now can be operated via Internet anywhere. This technology is simple but allows you to access your business computer in office from home or computer at your home from far seven seas away. Windows XP as its component also introduced remote Computer. But it flopped at the time of low bandwidth Internet or Windows 95 and Windows XP difference. Development and Implementation Remote Installation Services uses different techniques to install and compile the remote computer for the use on different computers. RIS uses network communication while the remote sharing of computer. The network infrastructure should be slid so that it allows easily downloading the material from one end to another. Besides network, RIS uses special image transferring API's. Different Images heavy or light handled by RIS. Though after activation of RIS on computers a restart is required so that all setting gets fixed up while booting the computer. RIS allows client and server to communicate through images and commands. The continuous exchange of requests and responses allows the remote sharing. The architecture of Remote Sharing can be explained in a manner that client logs in to the network and uses its IP address. RIS helps to transfer the request to server. Serve accomplish the request and take image and send back to the client. The RIS on client computer receives the image and shows up. Clients move the mouse on its own computer desktop or do any other action the

Occupational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Occupational Health and Safety - Essay Example Marvin Schneiderman’s approach to work-place safety is unrealistic and impractical because he takes a position which largely ignores the dynamics of the workplaces themselves. Teachers and office personnel very rarely, if at all, are required to handle or come into close contact with dangerous or hazardous material. Therefore the level of protection required of employers in classrooms and offices are minimal when compared to workers who are exposed to hazardous situations on an ongoing basis in the workplace. This is not meant to suggest that once the job involves continuous risks of harm, no measures should be taken to safeguard against them. The reality is, when there are certain hazards, there is always a risk of harm, regardless of safety measures involved. The higher the risk of harm, the more likely it is that harm will occur, regardless of safety measures taken. There are two principles of safety that makes it virtually impossible to implement a safety standard across the board that will produce the same safety record for all workers, as those reported by the review from England and Wales. These principles are â€Å"safe-persons† and â€Å"safe-place.† (34) In order to facilitate a safe-place a number of initiatives are required with respect to the workplace. This includes â€Å"engineering controls or process changes† which are necessary to â€Å"reduce exposure to noise or airborne toxic contaminants.† (34) In addition, tools and â€Å"office equipment designed with attention to basic principles of ergonomics† will have to be purchased. (34) There is an obvious difference in the level of workplace safety that can be facilitated at minimal costs in a factory or on a construction sight as opposed to an office. Purchasing tools and safety gear for employees exposed to heights and hazardous materials can only provide limited protection, regardless of expenditure. Nose and

Services Marketing Management - Comparison of two service Essay

Services Marketing Management - Comparison of two service sectors(broad explanation in the assignment criteria section) - Essay Example Traditionally, many service industries both business and non business sectors would not be market oriented, in fact, there are several reasons behind it. Marketing business and non business services include some basic elements as marketing goods. And they should focus on good services by defining their segments and target markets. The four main characteristics can differentiate services marketing from goods i.e. intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity and perishability. These factors should be followed in an effective manner to make service marketing strategy more good and successful. Wolver Hampton Bus Station is owned and operated by the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive. Under the authority of West Midlands Passenger Transport, they promote and develop public transport across West Midlands. (Transport and travel Research, 2005).This public transport service came into force on 1st October 2002. They work for the benefit and ease for the public in Wolver Hampton and all across West Midlands. They take responsibility to provide effective public transports to its customers. They also promise to provide good and effective service especially for blind and disabled people to make their travel easy and free of hurdles. Because wheelchairs and mobility scooters are increasing in UK, so, they also want to minimize that by providing the people with best and useful way of traveling. Service marketing is basically a concept of providing best services to its users and its customers. This company lacks in this area. They started the bus services but they didn’t provide any satisfactory services to its passengers. Customers are the king because they make the company successful. There were several other issues and problems in Wolver Hampton bus service which really dissatisfied its passengers. In short, this bus service failed to provide good services to their

Consultancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consultancy - Essay Example With the help of this assessment practice, it was identified that knowledge of current recruitment practices in different industries along with know-how of different jobs roles and organization models is necessary. On the other hand, compensation and benefit consultancy requires knowledge of taxation and payroll management along with prevailing market norms for development of market competitive package is necessary. Other than these roles of HR, OD consultancy is also an interesting field. Organizational development is an uncertain process that progresses on trial and testing. Therefore, strategic thinking along with leadership, intrapersonal, interpersonal and problem diagnosis skills, are necessary for this role. It is important that prior to working on the professional assignments, theoretical insight and practical exposure has been acquired through necessary trainings, apprenticeships and assisting seasoned professionals. Consulting Capability Framework In order to analyze the sk ills set required for this part of portfolio submission, I would like to pursue my career as HR consultant with core emphasis on compensation and benefits, recruitment and organization development. ... Some of the core yet common capabilities include exceptional communication skills, strategic thinking, team work attitude and effective time management (Ball, 1989; 1996; Roebuck, 1998). However, further emphasis on individual roles assists in identifying individual requirements of these roles. For recruitment consultancy, it is important that a consultant is aware of different requirement of in-house hiring and personnel management, outsourcing and executive search. Out of these executive search is the most rewarding and sophisticated role since a consultant needs to be aware of client as well as candidate’s needs and they are expected to find a match that is not only job-fit but is an organization-fit as well (Schoyen and Rasmussen, 1999; DuPreez, 2010). Due to extension of such roles globally, it is further important that a recruiter has to have an insight of cultural competence i.e. candidate’s values needs to match with organizational culture (Compton, Nankervis, a nd Morrissey, 2009). Furthermore, thorough knowledge of the role for which recruitment is being performed is also important. Most of the HR consulting firms performing executive search have separate domains for every sector such as banking, FMCG, logistics, services etc and also for different fields such as supply chain, mechanical, HR, finance etc. In addition to the role of recruitment or executive search consultant, a role of compensation and benefits consultant also has certain requirements in terms of skills. These key skills include relevant education in business and finance along with industry knowledge. Cultural sensitivity and global mobility policies are another criteria required to be fulfilled.

Key Insights into Organizational Behavior Essay

Key Insights into Organizational Behavior - Essay Example The fundamental catalysts for why these situations occur are attributed to poor management philosophy, inferior cultural development and awareness principles, badly-implemented change processes, and a perceived lack of procedural justice. At the same time, psycho-social characteristics among a diverse group of employees and managers are considerably different and, therefore, each employee or manager at the organization responds differently according to their emotions or political objectives. The end result with all of these issues is conflict that must be mitigated in order for the organization to have a well-developed and unified culture where trust is found throughout the entire organization. Organizational Trust Organizational trust is characterized by the level of confidence and reliance that individuals within the organization maintain for their coworkers, managers or the organization itself. Several theorists offer the concept of authentic trust, in which employees start with s mall steps to gain trust, generally progressing upwards based on experience. â€Å"Building such a relationship in the workplace is a reciprocal process with both the employee and the employer voluntarily assume responsibility for its initiation, development, and maintenance through high levels of affection and respect† (Starnes, Truhon & McCarthy, 2010, p. 5). Breakdowns of trust-building in the organization can include individuals with highly self- motivated political objectives or those who illustrate poor integrity, essentially promising one action and then delivering opposite action or behavioral outcomes. Social learning theory provides the concept of role modeling in which individual in an organization will be attracted to those who are perceived to be credible and thus attempt to adopt their role model’s characteristics. This is akin to transformational leadership, where the manager or employee maintains very high morals, sets the example for others, and uses v ision and mission statements in communications to foster organizational support (Ackoff, 2008). If, at any time during interpersonal discussion or through social negotiations, the individual illustrates unreliable or conflicting action versus pledges, organizational trust is reduced between the two parties or groups. Ultimately, breakdowns in trust lead to long-term suspicion and perceived threats to social security and thus conflict positive teamworking and organizational culture unity. In general, employees in the organization have a very dark view of the term â€Å"politics.† Leaders and managers within the organization need to, oftentimes, abandon their own ambitions in favor of the organizational constituents. This is a form of emotional intelligence that is required to be an effective leader and also satisfy diverse employee needs at the psychological level. This often means rejecting self-motivated political objectives to illustrate a transformational philosophy that i s people-centered and focused on human development and honesty through both communications and actions. Kacmar, Bozeman, Carlson, and Anthony (1999) describe the true definition of

Family Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family Law - Research Paper Example According to a survey report, 43 to 46 percent of all marriages that have happened in the US in the year 2000 will eventually end in divorce (Smith et al., 1453). This paper explores the US law of divorce and dissolution of marriage on the grounds of husband’s chronic alcoholism and physical violence. It shows that divorce and dissolution of marriage are two separate ways of separation. As per Section 3105.01 of Ohio Divorce Law extreme cruel behavior of either spouse and chronic alcoholism of either spouse are considered as valid reasons for dissolution of marriage. Therefore, Jennifer was granted divorce. As for child custody, court considers the best interests of the child. In this case, it was granted that Martin is alcoholic and violent therefore Steve will not be safe if he stays with his father. Therefore, Jennifer was granted custody of her son. Moreover, Jennifer will find it difficult to do a full time job because she will have to look after a minor child; therefore she was spousal support. Martin and Jennifer have been married for 9 years and they have a son Steve who is 7 years old. The first year was happy and peaceful for the newly married couple. In the beginning of their second year Martin left his old company and joined a new multinational company as a software developer. After joining the new company, Martin often complained about cultural dissatisfaction and low salary. This job dissatisfaction was manifested in Martin’s personal life as he began to get engaged in long arguments with his wife and began to neglect his son’s studies. Martin gradually developed a habit of drinking alcohol along with some of his colleagues either at office parties or at their residence. Initially, Jennifer was not concerned since Martin was a light drinker and although he returned home in late evenings slightly

Photography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Photography - Research Paper Example The first factor that was known by the historians was the effects of the light on the darker space that is opened through to a pin hole. Due to this, the invert picture of the object was formed placed in the lighted area on the floor of the darker space. In 1400, it was written in the papers that in order to make the inverted image clearer and vivid, a lens was used at the hole. The term used to describe this latest invention was â€Å"camera obscura† that was widely used by painters to draw the sketches using the same technique without drawing it from their own mind (Davenport 4). The item was projected on a paper from a dark box and the painter drew the outlines of that object. The other factor of the present day camera that was known during that times was the presence of the material that are likeable for the changes when came in contact with light. All these light sensitive chemicals were dealt for many centuries but there was no success to make a coat on the surface. However, it was very hard to place the both factor at one place. In 1800, there was an experiment conducted to make the pictures on the surface of paper which was coated with light sensitive material. The experiment was a success though, there were many logistic issues occurred that required possible solutions. The initial problem was to make the permanent image on the chemical coated surface. The issue was solved through daguerreotype picture that made a revolution across the globe and became global in 1839. Nevertheless, there were other problems still there that needed to be resolved. The daguerreotype picture did come on the paper but there was an immediate loss of the image when the chemical surface got damaged. Moreover, the time of exposure was very large as compared to normal portraiture that was in high demand. As the latest ideas were coming for the better future, people were working on the errors and malfunctions that occur during the process.

The Concerns of Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Concerns of Economics - Assignment Example The household sector includes all the people who seek to satisfy their needs and wants. They are concerned with consumption and productive resources. The business sector comprises of institutions like corporations, proprietorships and partnerships. These institutions are concerned with combining resources to make goods and services. Their major role is production. The government sector has the ruling bodies of local, federal and state governments. The government plays a vital role in regulation through collection of taxes, passing of laws, and forcing other sectors to do their work. The government also buys domestic products as their purchases. Additionally the foreign sector is a combination of everything and everyone; governments, households and businesses beyond the domestic boundaries. Its function is to buy exports and produce imports which are calculated as net exports. A production possibility model is a curve used to analyze alternative combinations of goods that can be produced by an economy within a given time period and with existing technology and resources at that time (AmosWEB LLC, 2013). Production possibility models are an insight into the basics of economics. For the curve presented above the goods are storage shed and crab puffs. A production possibility analysis is undertaken because it answers the â€Å"what† question in resource allocation as scarcity commands that the community has to choose from various goods to produce. It introduces graphical analysis which is essential in interpreting terms like opportunity cost and unemployment. A possibility model illustrates basic concepts in economics. However, this model assumes that resources and technology are fixed. It does not provide information on desirability and satisfaction of the goods. This is not good for the economy as it might produce a good that is not wanted. The grea test level of consumer satisfaction can not be determined. Countries trade because they have different

Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Capital - Essay Example The prices of the Australian goods exports have decreased since May, due to the decrease in the price of crude oil, iron ore, etc. The Australian dollar price has appreciated over three months, despite the deterioration in the global economy and fragile financial condition. This study aims at evaluating the decision of Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) for not changing the cash rate until December. The implications of cash rate in the economy of Australia, its effect and the effect of probable changes in the cash rate are also important issues that would be discussed in the study. The motive is to forecast the decision of RBA regarding changing the cash rate. Like the central banks in the industrialized countries, the RBA also utilizes interest rate on short-term basis, as an operating instrument in order to implement monetary policy. Under the current policy, the RBA has set a monetary policy by allotting a level of target for cash rate. RBA has been quite successful in achieving the cash rate as per its target level. The payment system of an economy represents the system by which the different agents settle their transactions. In case of Australia the major participants that can be considered in the payment system are the households or the firms, which can also be called the non-bank mass of public, the RBA, private banks and the federal government. The non-bank public use transaction deposits and currency for making payments and eliminating their debts if any. The transaction deposits are the banks accounts that can be used by cheques or through the debit cards. Money or currency is a liability for the RBA. So it can be said that the transaction deposits are also a liability for the banking system. It can be also said that the medium of transaction by a household or firm would also depend on the relative cost. The banks

What is happiness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is happiness - Research Paper Example Similarly, the conquest of and pursuit of happiness may be different to other based on the individual desires. There is no fixed or single definition to happiness and it can be defined differently by different experts and analysts from different professions. For example a historian will define happiness in the context of an emperor, ruler or other political or military mindset oriented individual who has had number of successes, in the same context, a philosopher may find happiness in the form of reaching to another level of thinking, or reaching to the minds and acceptance level of the readers or the students who follow that particular philosopher. Happiness also varies between the age groups. It may also vary between the societies, the surroundings and the geographical factors. For example a mere a smile may bring upon happiness and pleasure on any one’s face, to others happiness may mean earning millions and then continuing the process of striving further towards acquiring more wealth. Various questions entail the concept of happiness. These questions include the understanding of the phenomena with regard to the question such as the co relative and subjectively inductive understanding of happiness. What would the state of happiness be if it is in conflict with someone else, or if it is gained at the cost of discomfort, compromise or other damage or deprivation that may be felt by any other individual. In that case the definition of happiness would not stand fulfilled rather it would be termed as an envy, state of unhealthy competition or any other non productive bondage and affiliation in which the gain of one is the loss of other. Happiness in other words is a state of mind that is embodied by expectations. These expectations contain element of hope, future, pleasure, togetherness, completeness, accomplishment of the dreams that are held back in heart and mind and desired to be transformed into reality in the

The Realities of Juvenile Crime In The United States Essay

The Realities of Juvenile Crime In The United States - Essay Example Different investigations and studies have been conducted on juvenile crime and justice. Major issues of these studies include juvenile delinquency and offense status. Other issues include comparison of adult courts and juvenile courts, variables that correlate with juvenile crime rates, delinquency, effects on the young tried as adults and current issues in the juvenile justice. The difference between the juvenile courts and adult courts include the absence of the right to bail in childrens court. If a minor is detained in a juvenile hall, you cannot post a bond to get him or her out. Another difference is that in juvenile courts, the parents and guardian are questioned by the court during hearings about their childs behavior. The responses of the parent or the guardian play a role in determining the case, however, this does not exist in adult courts. Also juvenile court hearing is closed to the public meaning that the general public is not inside juvenile courts with the exception of family members, but in adult court the general public can attend the trial hearing. Typically, in juvenile court the mental health and substance abuse evaluations are carried out, a rare phenomenon in adult courts (World Youth Report, 2003). The causes that correlates to juvenile crimes includes drugs and substance. Drug abuse causes delinquency among teenager leading to committing crimes such as precocious sex activity, school failure, gun ownership and other related behaviors. The social media plays a part in juvenile crimes; television and movies have promoted "cult of heroes" that advocate justice through physical means that seek the elimination of enemies. This has been supported by the American Psychological Association that concluded that television violence contribute up to 10% of aggressive behavior among teenagers. Peer influence is also a major cause of delinquent

Medical Terminology Weekly Reflection Week Two Essay Example for Free

Medical Terminology Weekly Reflection Week Two Essay In this week’s learning, I learned from Readings and Lectures from Chapter Two and Four. In Chapter Two I learned, The Medical Terms of the different Anatomical Planes, Directions, and Body Regions. I learned the individual body systems into the organization and functions of the body as a whole. I learned How to comprehend, spell, and write medical terms pertaining to the body as a whole so I can communicate and document medical terms accurately and precisely. I learned to recognize and pronounce medical terms pertaining to the body as a whole so that I can communicate verbally with accuracy and precision. Fellow Classmates and I had to discuss the different types of Bone Disorders and how we can prevent them. Learning the different types of Bone Disorders was one of many medical sources that I didn’t know much about. After this week’s Bone Disorder discussion I now know that there are many types of Bone Disorders and what the causes and effects are from them. In this week’s course assignments, I learned from a Chapter Review, Chapter Quiz, Connect Activity, and the introduction of the Final Portfolio Assignment Research Paper. Learning from the Chapter Review, it was a hundred multiple questions about the chapters and lectures of this week. I learned from the Chapter Quiz which was also a final review of this week’s material learning. I learned from the Connect Activity by completing the assignment modules of this week’s learning material. I was introduced to my final portfolio project consists the assignment instructions and grading rubric for a research paper which is due in week seven. In this week’s learning, I can apply each aspect of my learning from chapter readings, lectures, discussions, and class assignments through my personal, professional, and academics life. Personally, I’m gaining information about what my body can do and how it is done. Professionally, I will use each of the medical terms and knowing the medical information throughout my career. Academically, I’m sure I’ll use my knowledge of learning from this course to another course too.

Amnesty Essay Example for Free

Amnesty Essay Ever since we started campaigning in 1961, we’ve worked around the globe to stop the abuse of human rights. Amnesty International Goals and strategy AI aims to maintain every humans basic rights as established under the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. In accordance with this belief, Amnesty works to: †¢Free all Prisoners of Conscience (a POC is a person imprisoned for the peaceful exercise of their beliefs, which differs somewhat from the typical use of the term political prisoner). †¢Ensure fair and prompt trials. †¢Abolish all forms of torture and ill-treatment of prisoners, including the use of the death penalty. End state-sanctioned terrorism, killings, and disappearances. Amnesty International works to combat individual offences (e. g. one man imprisoned for distributing banned literature in Saudi Arabia) as well as more general policies (e. g. the recently overturned policy of executing juvenile offenders in certain U. S. states). Amnesty works primarily on the local level but its forty-year history of action and its Nobel Peace Prize give it international recognition. Most AI members utilize letter-writing to get their message across. When the central Amnesty International organization finds and validates to its satisfaction instances of human rights abuse, they notify each of more than 7,000 local groups as well as over one million independent members, including 300,000 in the United States alone. Groups and members then respond by writing letters of protest and concern to a government official closely involved in the case, generally without mentioning Amnesty directly. Amnesty International follows a neutrality policy called the country rule stating that members should not be active in issues in their own nation, which also protects them from potential mistreatment by their own government. This principle is also applied to researchers and campaigners working for the International Secretariat to prevent domestic political loyalties influencing coverage. Recently, Amnesty has expanded the scope of its work to include economic, social and cultural rights, saying that these concerns had arisen out of its traditional work on political and civil rights. Its 2004 annual report said that it is difficult to achieve sustainable progress towards implementation of any one human right in isolation. AI will strive to assert a holistic view of rights protection. It will be particularly important to do so in relation to extreme poverty, and the human rights issues underlying poverty. [2] As an example it asserts that The right to effective political participation depends on a free media, but also on an educated and literate population. [3]

Effect of Globalisation on Spatial Patterns of Economy

Effect of Globalisation on Spatial Patterns of Economy Globalisation and the spatial structure of the economy: Critically discuss how changes related with globalisation can affect cities and the spatial patterns of economic activities? Globalisation has become one of the key concepts in the social sciences at the turn of the twentieth century. A term that has come to be used globally which relates to the processes of social relations acquiring relatively distance-less and borderless qualities that place can be argued as a homogenous landscape (Scholte, 1997). However as Julius (1997) finds there is confusion about globalisation continuing within the disagreement over whether it is â€Å"a process or an end-state†. Globalisation can be seen as the world-wide interconnectedness between nation-states. In which social arrangements such as power, culture, politics and norms become intangible from their spatial context due to the acceleration, diffusion and expansion of transnational flows of people, goods, finances and information (Berkens, 2004).Globalisation can be seen as essentially a process driven by economic forces, having profound effects on cities and the economy (Sideri, 1997). Globalisation can be argued as a more recent expansion of the previous emerging relationship between urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development which initially began in Western Europe in the late fourteenth century; associated with the development of European wide trade links (McCann, 2013). However the concept can date as far back to Colonialism and the colonial power of Europe. The first era beginning with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America (1492) combined with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires (Friedman, 2007). This westward colonial expansion of Spain to America after 1492 proceeded the sixteenth century with the transatlantic trade links; the first economic global expansion for European countries, the development of overseas empires in non-adjacent regions (McCann, 2013). This concept enabled globalisation to be defined as an economic structure whilst being a political phenomenon, shaped by negotiations and interactions between institu tions of transnational capital and nation states (Guttal, 2007). Dating Globalisation back to the colonisation of Asia, Africa and America alongside the search for new markets and sources of wealth fanned by the industrial revolution; resulted in the production of international commodity markets and mercantilist trade (Guttal, 2007). By 1800 Britain was argued as most industrialised country in the world due the enhancement of the industrial revolution. London was seen as the second largest city in the world and some 57% larger than Western Europe’s second largest city (McCann, 2013). Due to the establishment of colonies and industrial trade links since the Second World War much of the world has become more interlinked through innovations and advances within transportation, communication and information technology (Guttal, 2007). During the 1980’s the development of engineering techniques and technologies facilitated the reduction in skilled labour and movement towards machinery within batch production. Variety and availability being the main drivers of these advancements resulted in an alteration of the economy; a reduction of jobs and movement of manufacturing out of the city to suburb locations (Duffy, 1995). Furthermore labour intensive sectors located in innermost locations such as clothing and tobacco have been outsourced overseas to cheaper labour intensive factories in order to maximise profit. The new jobs created will need white collar workers and will require meeting the need of the consumer, so location needs to optimise their competitive advantage (Duffy, 1995). By the latter of the twentieth century there was an unprecedented increase in economic capacities, power and reach of private corporations which many were operating transnational. New York was seen as the principal city whilst all cities had become the economic engines increasing in size and increasingly interlinked (McCann, 2013). Globalisation has been as a result of modernisation and capitalist expansion, engaging the incorporation of all economic movement into a â€Å"global† homogenous market place. Materialisation of this integration is due to the collapse of nation barriers to external trade and finance centres, deregulation of the economy, expert driven economic growth and the facilitation of free market capitalism (Guttal, 2007). The modern structure of regions has enabled regional organisations to combine highly contrasting elements of zones of abandonment, with areas of primary resources whilst comparing and contrasting the reurban/suburban areas to the outlook of the urban zones (Claval, 1998). In the past decade the notion of globalisation yielded numerous pieces of literature and has led to widespread debates over the explanation. Various disciplines have deliberated the subject area merely concluding that the concept involves change whilst new arrangements are emerging that differs from those in previous times (Berkens, 2004). This notion of change has altered cities and economies spatially. Globalisation has led to the homogenisation of consumer tastes, the amalgamation and expansion of corporate power, increases in wealth and poverty, the â€Å"McDonalisation† of food and culture and the growing of democratic ideas (Guttal, 2007). All of which have caused the outsourcing of production overseas. Trans National corporations (TNCs) today are seen as the main drivers of globalisation; they are the primary beneficiaries of international trade and the most powerful promoter of liberalisation, deregulation and privatisation of production. TNCs are global interconnected businesses which segment the manufacturing process, due to collapse of trade barriers and global regulations (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). This outsourcing multiple partial operation approach of production combined with the development of cheap transportation and communication networks has allowed an increasing division of production globally. This spatial dispersion of economic activity (Sassen, 2001) has allowed for TNC’s to outsource manufacturing to subtracting independents many of which are located within South East Asia and Mexico. This outsourcing approach allows for companies to meet the demand of the consumer induced population whilst maintaining profits and cheap transportation and communication costs (Claval, 1998). This reorganisation of production overseas resulted in the expansion of international trade and the integration of financial markets. The expansion and spatial dispersion of economic activity has brought about capital mobility. This reorganisation of the financial industry has been typified by the sharp growth production of innovation and multiplication of financial firms whilst shifting the industry away from American transnational banks to major hubs of finance. The integration of markets being a defining characteristic of globalisation (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004) has enabled the integration of local markets into regional trading systems which obtain continental links as a result of the overseas journey of innovation. This spatial change of economic activity from the movement of jobs from highly developed areas to less developed low wage locations has enabled capital mobility. This is not only comprised spatially but through the technologies that provide capital mobility and by maintenance of the decentralised global production system (Sassen, 1988). This increased mobility of capital has altered the geographic or ganisation of production and the network of financial markets whilst reorganising the employment structure. Financial markets goods, services or labour are all moving towards social integration. This change has meant no individual national capital market can have a sustainable independent existence. Regional economic integration is becoming increasingly efficient in integrating goods and services whereas labour markets are functionally separate at national level and integration being resisted by national governments (Buckley et al, 2001). Due to this the largest multi-national enterprises can exploit these differences within the markets to maximise profits (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). The increase in volume of financial industries (Sassen, 2001) has given major cities a key role in the management and control of such global network. The importance of centralisation has enabled cities like New York, London and Tokyo to become centres of finance and global servicing. All have contributed to the increase of centralised services for management and regulation of the economy accelerating transactions globally (Sassen, 2001). This increased shift of economic activity to finance and highly specialised zones has altered management within companies from an activity focussed on production to one that is financially focussed. The involvements of the complexity of transactions lead to the array of specialised services leading to the high densities and agglomeration economies. This continuous building of high rise office complexes accelerates land price triggering a competition for land. This process of agglomeration represents a phase in the formation and expansion of an industrial complex controlled by command functions and finance; whilst referring to benefits that accumulate when firms locate in â€Å"propinquity† to one another (Bingham Mier, 1993). Alfred Marshall a leading economist observed that firms often continued to cluster successfully in the same locations because of knowledge â€Å"spillovers†, local and non-traded inputs and a local skilled labour pool (McCann, 2013). Marshalls’ model looks at how individuals acquire skills by interacting with one another with denser areas increasing in rate; with the strength of the economy rising there is a higher mean and variance of skills (Glaeser, 1999). The integration of local and national economies into an agglomeration whilst unchanged by protectionism allow for economic grow th. Wealth will be created and shared with more people to enjoy the benefits of modernisation, technological advancements and society. However critics may argue that globalisation has resulted in the clustering of the affluent and educated class whilst fracturing working classes and marginalising the poor who may not have the skills and economic asset to gain from an open market approach (Guttal, 2007). The agglomeration approach gives sense to global cities; bases of spatial organisation and communication of production and markets (Duffy, 1995). On a smaller scale â€Å"second cities† such as Birmingham have consolidated position as the source of services for businesses. The process allows similar or like economies and industries to cluster together in order to raise price, competition and consumers to raise their economic profile. Allowing benefits from reduced transport and negotiating costs, pool of labour and the sharing of speciality machinery (Bingham Mier, 1993). This competition for inner city location can be monitored by the Bid Rent model by Alonso, 1964 (McCann, 2013). However once a centre of agglomeration has occurred it becomes difficult for institutions to locate outside of the area due to the profound benefits and links that have evolved, however FDI may offer a solution. Within the recent global economy the emphasis of new investment and transactions is centred by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); the allowance to inquire a firm in a foreign country (Sassen, 2000). In recent years the internationalisation of production to developing economies has been the main focus. Throughout the 1990’s developing countries had a lower investment flow than developed countries; it was still observed as high in historic terms, hence reflecting the growing internationalisation of economic activity (Sassen, 2000). Expansion of economic growth driven by the outsourcing and investment of primarily manufacturing has enabled areas such as China to grow and become a global economic driver. The urban economic agglomeration which occurs throughout China has enabled itself to be an economic superpower (Chow, 2002). The rise of China has enabled a manufacturing, production and service base for a labour intensive industry. The optimum location can thrive off a growing economy with the ability to absorb raw materials whilst having in exhaustible cheap labour for production and a growing internal market. Since 2003, China has been the main location of Asian exports and served as the primary incentive of growth within the world’s economy over the past decade (Guttal, 2007). The more recent approach of The Asian Tiger economies has led to the independence of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and South Korea. By the twenty-first century all four nations had seen advancements towards high income economies, specialising in aspects of competition. This enhancement altered their global economic structure; changing from traditional, agriculturally based societies to rapidly growing NIC’s with economic centres (Davies and Gonzalez, 2003). An expansion of these economies led to the snowball effect of â€Å"second-tier† East Asian developing economies; the emergence of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. With the resurgence of Asia being the most significant global shift; becoming economic focuses within the spatial economy (Dicken, 2007). The agglomeration of local goods and services enables the â€Å"death of distance† (Cairncross, 1997), the reduction of friction of services between goods and individuals. This Global process does not solely just affect economic activities it affects the social and population structure of a city. Due to the diversification of cultures and norms across globalisation, population groups can agglomerate together. The creative class brings innovative new ideas to create change (Clifton, 2008). This innovation of clustering has enabled creative connectivity and the ability of creative individuals to push forwards to the frontiers of research within MNE’s. This area of potential allows the integration of individuals (Antonelli, 2000). It has been noted by academics that population loss within a city can occur due to globalisation; largest decrease in inner city areas (Duffy, 1995). Housing and workplaces were cleared in replace of lower income density housing and public amenities. However the opposite occurred in other locations known as counter-urbanisation. Within the core of the city homes and amenities where produced to attract the middle class back into the city, with the attempt of inner city redevelopment. Thus as a result of globalisation a snowball effect happened with the migration of the population which in turn led to redevelopment of the inner city. As Duffy (1995) states a city shall strive higher if there is a mix of population and norms as opposed to a uniform homogenous landscape. Whilst Glaeser identifies that high skilled and high income workers migrate back to city centres as a result of re-urbanisation as part of the consumer city hypothesis (McCann, 2013). Nonetheless there are challenges in which affect regions, whilst large markets offer investors great liquidity and competitive prices of stocks and greater security. Agglomerations of economic power in major metropolitan regions cause the peripheral areas of regions to be plundered for their raw materials and inexpensive unskilled labour intensive rolls. This economic clustering causes greater income inequalities whilst destroying the linkages of local communities and the homogenisation culture of western values (Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). However Rugman (2000) found that it is hard to address these issues because they hit directly at the logistics of a capitalist approach. For example due to the dynamics of the market system old jobs are destroyed whilst new jobs are being created and as the process escalates jobs become ever more insecure (Burchell et al, 2005). In conclusion the outsourcing and global expansion approach offers profound effects on cities and economic activities. Cities which were once industrialising hubs have lost the capital from old industrial centres and have transformed into the inflow of capital into NIC’s and TNC’s (Sassen, 2001). Globalisation has allowed for the development of physical and technological infrastructure enabling global linkages and the share of economic activity through the internet being the backbone of society (Castell, 2001). The interconnectedness of cultures and norms through the realms of trade offers endless benefits and negatives throughout spatial economies and cities. Development of economies can be modelled using regional econometric models which look at economic linkages that exist within and between regions worldwide. The model can predict that an increase in regional wage can have a long term effect on the population balance through in-migration; occurring whenever the regi onal wage rises relative to the national wage (Armstrong Taylor, 2000). Models allow prediction of the affects globalisation has spatially allowing analysis and discussion. Reference List Antonelli, C. (2000) Restructuring and innovation in long-term regional change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.373-394. Armstrong, H. and Taylor, J. (2000) Regional Economics and Policy, 3rd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 437. Berkens, H.J.J.G. (2004) Global Opportunities and Institutional Embeddedness, UNITISK, Czech Republic Bingham, R.D. and Mier, R. (1993) theories of local economic development: perspecvtives across the discipline, SAGE publications, California, 319 Buckley, P.J., Clegg, J., Forsans, N. and Reilly, K.T. (2001) Increasing the size of the ‘country: regional economic integration and foreign direct investment in a globalised world economy’, Management International Review, vol.41, issue 3, pp. 251-274. Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P.N. (2004) Globalisation, Economic Geography and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 81-98 Burchell, B., Ladipo, D. and Wilkinson, F. (2005) Job Insecurity and Work Intensification, Routledge, London New York, pp.240 Cairncross, F. (1997) The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution will change our lives, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Chow, C.G (2002) Chinas economic transformation, Blackwell, Oxford Claval, P. (1998) An Introduction to Regional Geography, Blackwell Publisher, pp.299 Clifton, N. (2008) The â€Å"Creative Class† In the UK: An initial Analysis, Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, vol. 90, issue1, pp.63–82. Davies, J.C. and Gonzalez, J.G. (2003) Scholarly Journal Articles about the Asian Tiger Economies: Authors, Journals and Research Fields, 1986-2001, Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, vol.17, issue 2, pp.51-61. Dicken, P. (2007) Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy, 5th Ed. SAGE publications ltd, London pp.599 Duffy, H. (1995) Competitive Global cities: Succeeding in the Global Economy, Chapman Hall, London, 195. Freidman, T, L. (2007) The world is flat: A brief history of the Twentieth Century, (3rd Ed.), Picador, New York Glaeser, E.L. (1999) Learning in Cities, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.46, issue 2, pp. 254-277. Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation. Development in practice, vol.17, no.4/5, pp.523-531 Julius, D. (1997) Globalisation and Stakeholder Conflicts: A Corporate Perspective, International Affairs, vol. 73, no.3, pp. 453-468 Scholte, J.A. (1997) Global Capitalism and the state, International affairs, vol. 73, no.3, pp.427-452 Sassen, S. (1988) The mobility of labour and capital: A study in international investment and labour flow. London: Cambridge university press Sassen, S. (2000) Cities in a world economy 2nd Ed. Pine forge Press, California, 182. Sassen, S. (2001) The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2nd ed, Princeton University Press, pp.447. Sideri, S. (1997) Globalisation and regional integration, European Journal of Development Research, vol 9, issue 1, pp. 38-81. NEED McCann 2013 Rugman 2000 Castell 2001 Page 1 of 11